Osteoarthritis and Cartilage (2001) 9, 664 670 2001 OsteoArthritis Research Society International 1063 4584/01/070664+07 $35.00/0 doi:10.1053/joca.2001.0463, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on DNA cytofluorometric analysis of chondrocytes in human articular cartilages under normal aging or arthritic conditions K. Kusuzaki*, S. Sugimoto*, H. Takeshita*, H. Murata*, S. Hashiguchi*, T. Nozaki*, K. Emoto*, T. Ashihara and Y. Hirasawa Departments of *Orthopedic Surgery, and Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan Summary Objective: Since most chondrocytes in articular cartilage are in the resting phase (G0) of the cell cycle, it has been difficult to investigate their cell kinetics using 3H-thymidine autoradiography, or immunohistochemistry. In the present study, DNA cytofluorometry, which is useful to analyse the cell kinetics even for such inactive cell populations as in the G0 phase, was applied to human chondrocytes of the articular cartilages under normal aging and pathologic conditions such as osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and aseptic necrosis (AN). Design: The human articular cartilages for the study were obtained from autopsy and surgical materials. Fifty joints were used for the study of aging, 54 for the study of OA, 20 for studying RA, and 10 for AN study. The isolated chondrocytes were quickly prepared from fresh articular cartilages, using a combination method of enzymatic digestion with papain and collagenase, followed by mechanical cell separation by churning and homogenization. Results: The DNA histograms obtained by cytofluorometry with propidium-iodide staining showed that most chondrocytes had diploid DNA content (2c) in all cartilages studied, suggesting that they were in the G0 phase. However, there were a few chondrocytes having tetraploid DNA content (4c) in the normally aged articular cartilages, and there were some cells having DNA content between 2c and 4c in the diseased cartilages. The former cells were considered to be G0-phase cells of the 4c chondrocytes, while the latter cells were considered to be in the DNA synthetic (S) phase or G2-phase of the 2c chondrocytes. The frequency of 4c chondrocytes in aged cartilage was significantly increased, compared to that in the young cartilage. In contrast to the normal cartilage, the frequency of S- and G2-phase cells, which was expressed as the S G2 index, in diseased cartilages (OA, RA and AN) was significantly high (P<0.0001). In OA cartilage, the S G2 index was much higher in the severe or moderate stage than in the mild stage, suggesting that the chondrocytes in clusters may actively proliferate. Conclusion: These results showed that in normal articular cartilages most chondrocytes are in the G0 phase, while some became 4c polyploid cells, and that these G0-phase chondrocytes had a potential to proliferate under diseased conditions. 2001 OsteoArthritis Research Society International Key words: Articular cartilage, Chondrocytes, DNA ploidy, Aging, Arthritis. Introduction Analysis 2 of the cell kinetics of the human articular cartilage is difficult, because most chondrocytes of the articular cartilage are in the resting phase (G0) of the cell cycle. Although in experimental studies with animal models, many investigators have described active cell proliferation in osteoarthritic cartilages by the technique of 3H-thymidine autoradiography 1 8, it has been difficult to apply that technique to human cartilage. In contrast to 3H-thymidine autoradiography, DNA cytofluorometry or flow cytometry is useful to investigate the cell kinetics of the human materials 9 15, even for such inactive cell populations as mostly occur in the G0 phase. In the present study, we applied DNA cytofluorometry to chondrocytes of the human articular cartilage, to analyse their cell kinetics under aging and pathologic conditions such as osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and aseptic necrosis (AN). Received 18 April 2000; revision requested 25 October 2000; revision received 14 March 2001; accepted 5 April 2001. Address correspondence to: Katsuyuki Kusuzaki, M.D., Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku Kawaramachi Hirokoji, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan. Tel: +81 75 251 5549; Fax: +81 75 251 5841; E-mail: kusu@basic.kpu-m.ac.jp Methods Human articular cartilages for the present study were obtained from autopsy and surgical materials. For the normal aging study, 50 articular cartilage specimens were obtained during autopsy of patients who had died of diseases unrelated to the joints, or during operations on patients having fresh fractures or malignant bone tumors. We obtained informed consent to use these materials from the patients or their families, after full explanation of the study. Of the 50 articular cartilages, 30 were from the femoral head, seven from femoral condyles, four from metatarsal bones, and the remaining nine from the patella, humerus, tibia, etc. Ten of these specimens were from non-weight-bearing joints. The mean age of the patients was 57 years, and their age distribution is shown in Table I. For the OA study, 54 articular cartilage specimens were obtained from 44 patients who were pre-operatively diagnosed as having OA by the clinical manifestations and X-ray findings and had undergone either total knee replacement (24 patients) or total hip replacement (20 patients). In five patients, multiple samples from more than two lesion was performed. The mean age of these patients was 70 years. 664
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Vol. 9, No. 7 665 Table I The age distribution of all patients examined Age distribution Normal articular cartilage (NO) Osteoarthritis (OA) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Aseptic necrosis (AN) 0 10 4 11 20 8 21 30 4 31 40 2 41 50 2 1 2 1 51 60 2 7 7 3 61 70 7 14 7 2 71 80 19 27 2 81 90 8 5 Total 50 54 20 10 Fig. 1. Isolated and smeared chondrocytes stained with hematoxylin and eosin (objective lens 40) (A) and stained with propidium iodide (PI) (B). For the RA study, 20 articular cartilage specimens were obtained from 20 patients who were pre-operatively diagnosed as having definite or classical RA 16 and had undergone either joint replacement (knee: 10, hip: five, elbow: three) or resection arthroplasty (one metacarpophalangeal (MP) and one metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint). The mean age of the patients was 62 years. For the AN study, 10 articular cartilage specimens were obtained from 10 patients who were diagnosed as haing AN by X-ray and MRI examinations before surgery and received femoral head replacement (eight patients) or a cartilage graft for femoral condyles lesions (two patients). The mean age of the patients was 44 years. All of the OA, RA, and AN patients gave their consent to use their materials for the study, after full explanation. DNA CYTOFLUOROMETRY These fresh articular cartilages were washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Gibco Co., U.S.A.) and minced into small fragments with a knife. These cartilage fragments were digested with 1% crude papain (Wako Co., Japan) at 37 C for 30 min in PBS, followed by treatment with 0.1% collagenase (CLS II, Worthington Co., U.S.A.) at 37 C for 2 h in PBS. During the digestion the fragments were churned by magnetic stirrer in a beaker. After mechanical destruction of the digested cartilage matrix with the homogenizer, the chondrocytes were isolated 10,15. These isolated chondrocytes were filtered through 100 μm metal mesh to eliminate the intercellular matrix debris and then smeared on glass slides using a centrifugal automatic smear machine (Autosmear, Sakura Seiki Co., Japan), followed by drying and fixation with 70% ethanol. After treatment with RNase (type II, Worthington Co., U.S.A.) at 37 C for 30 min in PBS, the cells were stained with propidium iodide (PI; 0.0025% in citrate buffer, Sigma Co., U.S.A., at 4 C for 15 min). Propidium iodide is a fluorescent dye which quantitatively intercalates between the nuclear DNA strands. The nuclear DNA content of each cell was measured by an epi-illumination type cytofluorometer (fluorescence microscope and photomultiplier; Nikon SPM RFl-D or OPTIPHOTO with P1, Nikon Co., Japan) as the fluorescence intensity of PI during observation of the cell morphology 13. The cell smears on the glass slides were
666 K. Kusuzaki et al.: DNA cytofluorometry of chondrocytes Fig. 2. The DNA histograms by DNA cytofluorometry and histologic staining with safranin-o, fast green, and iron hematoxylin of the normal articular cartilage at the tibial condyle of a 15-year-old female (A) and at the femoral head of an 83-year-old female (B). excited by green light (510 560 nm), and each cell emitted red fluorescence as a result of PI binding to DNA. After detection of a single chondrocyte in a microscopic small field under high magnification (objective lens 40), the photomultiplier was used to measure the fluorescence intensity through an interference filter (620 nm). In each sample, 3000 chondrocytes were measured and the data were automatically input into a personal computer (9800 VM2, NEC Co., Japan) to plot a DNA content histogram from which the ploidy pattern and the frequency of the hyperdiploid cells were determined 10. For standardization of the fluorescence intensity of diploid cells, human lymphocytes from the peripheral blood or contaminated granulocytes and fibrocytes in the slides were initially measured. The photomicrograph in Fig. 1(A) shows the isolated and smeared chondrocytes obtained from a normal human articular cartilage. These cells were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). The chondrocytes were seen as smooth round cells with a clear nuclear membrane. After nuclear staining with PI, these chondrocytes emitted a brilliant red fluorescence of PI from only the nucleus under green light excitation [Fig. 1(B)]. The DNA ploidy analysis was performed using the DNA content histograms 10 14. The DNA ploidy pattern of the chondrocytes obtained from normal or diseased articular cartilages was diploidy (2c) with a few hyperdiploid cells such as tetraploid (4c) cells or cells having a DNA value between 2c and 4c. The percentage of these hyperdiploid cells was expressed as S G2 index, because most of them were in the DNA synthetic (S) phase (2c 4c) or G2 phase
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Vol. 9, No. 7 667 S G2 index (%) 4 3 2 1 (4c) of the cell cycle, even though a few were 4c polyploid cells. The S G2 index was calculated from the DNA histograms and the fluorescence intensity of PI. The diploid range of fluorescence intensity was detected on the DNA histograms, by comparison with the normal cell fluorescence intensity, and then a borderline intensity between diploidy and hyperdiploidy was determined by placing the fluorescence intensity values in an increasing order 15,17. Statistical analysis of S G2 index between the normal and diseased cartilage was performed by the non-parametric Mann Whitney test. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Age (years) (n = 50) Fig. 3. The change of S G2 index during aging in the normal articular cartilages examined by DNA cytofluorometry. The closed circles are the data of articular cartilage in the weight-bearing joints, and the cross marks are those in the non-weight-bearing joints. HISTOLOGIC EXAMINATION A half section of the articular cartilage specimens (the half was used for DNA cytofluorometric study) was embedded in paraffin by the standard method after fixation with buffered formalin, followed by decalcification with 20% EDTA solution. Thin sections obtained from the paraffin-embedded materials were stained with safranin-o Fig. 4. The representative DNA histograms and histologic findings of OA cartilages histologically graded as mild (A), moderate (B), severe (C), and regeneration (D).
668 K. Kusuzaki et al.: DNA cytofluorometry of chondrocytes 7 6 4.33 ± 0.89 4.39 ± 0.86 S G2 index (%) 5 4 3 2.43 ± 0.69 3.52 ± 1.05 2 1 0 Mild (n = 13) Moderate (n = 12) Severe (n = 17) Regeneration (n = 12) OA grade Fig. 5. The average S G2 index of OA articular cartilages in various histologic grades; mild (N=13), moderate (N=12), severe (N=17), and regeneration (N=12). and fast green for evaluation of the cartilage matrix, and with iron hematoxylin for examination of the nucleus of the chondrocytes. The histologic grading of OA was done according to Mankin s criteria into mild, moderate, severe, and regeneration 18. Results The DNA histograms of the normal articular cartilage obtained by the cytofluorometric study showed that most chondrocytes had 2c in the articular cartilages obtained from young people [Fig. 2(A)], while there were a few chondrocytes having 4c without S-phase cells in the normally aged articular cartilages [Fig. 2(B)]. The mean value of the S G2 index of chondrocytes in the normal articular cartilages obtained from people under 20 years of age was significantly lower than that of the articular cartilages from people over 40 years old (P<0.0001) (Fig. 3). In contrast to the normal articular cartilage, there were many S- and G2-phase chondrocytes in the osteoarthritic articular cartilages (Fig. 4). The mean value of the S G2 index was significantly higher in the moderate, severe and regeneration stages than in the mild stage (Fig. 5) (P<0.001). Histologically, there were many clusters in the severe OA cartilage, and high cellularity was found in the regenerative OA cartilage. The articular cartilages of RA and AN also showed a greater value of S G2 index than the normal articular cartilages (Fig. 6). In particular, metaplastic articular cartilages originating from the pannus in RA showed a great value of S G2 index. Fig. 6. The representative DNA histograms and histologic findings of articular cartilages obtained from rheumatoid arthritis [RA; (A)] and aseptic necrosis [AN; (B)]. In comparison of the mean S G2 indixes between the normal and diseased articular cartilages, the mean value of S G2 index of the normal cartilages (N=35) obtained from people older than 20 years was significantly less than those of the diseased cartilages. The index of RA cartilages was the greatest among those of the diseased cartilages (Fig. 7). Discussion In most studies on the articular cartilages, attention has been focused on the metabolism of the matrix or protein synthesis in chondrocytes 18,19, but analysis of cell kinetics has not been popular because most of the chondrocytes in the articular cartilage are in the G0 phase of the cell cycle 7,17. It is also difficult to investigate the cell cycle of in vivo human cells, because the 3H-thymidine or BrdU labeling technique is not available for human specimens. Although the immunohistochemical examination using PCNA or Ki-67 is useful for detection of proliferating cells in human materials 20, it is impossible to distinguish G0- or G1-phase cells from G2-phase cells. On the contrast with
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Vol. 9, No. 7 669 S G2 index (%) 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 NO (n = 35) 2.04 ± 0.64 OA (n = 54) 3.71 ± 1.17 RA (n = 20) 5.35 ± 1.54 3.25 ± 0.79 AN (n = 10) Fig. 7. The mean S G2 index of articular cartilages of the normal (NO) (N=35), OA (N=54), RA (N=20), and AN (N=10). The mean S G2 index of NO cartilages was calculated from S G2 indexes of articular cartilage obtained from people older than 20 years. these techniques, cytofluorometry or flow cytometry to measure the nuclear DNA in each cell using a fluorescent dye, is useful for analysis of the cell kinetics for human cells because it can detect the frequencies of G0- or G1-phase cells, S-phase cells, G2-phase cells, and polyploid cells 9.In these methodologies, isolated cells are needed for investigation, and especially in cytofluorometry, intact isolated cells with nucleus and cytoplasm are necessary to morphologically distinguish single chondrocytes from other contaminated cells such as fibroblasts, lymphocytes, neutrophils, double or triple chondrocytes under fluorescence microscope, although in flow cytometry it is technically impossible to distinguish such cells 10 14. However, it is difficult to obtain intact isolated chondrocytes from human articular cartilage, because the hard cartilaginous matrix interferes with cell release by mechanical dissection with the homogenizer. We used papain, therefore, and collagenase to digest the cartilaginous matrix before mechanical cell isolation 15. Using this method, many intact chondrocytes were isolated and smeared on glass slides, as shown in Fig. 1. The results of the normal articular cartilage study revealed that the frequency of 4c cells among the chondrocytes was more increased in the aged articular cartilages than in the young ones. We speculated that these 4c chondrocytes may be polyploid cells, and not G2-phase cells of 2c chondrocytes, because there were no S-phase cells. These 4c chondrocytes might be derived from G2-phase cells of 2c chondrocytes and become G0- or G1-phase cells of 4c chondrocytes. It is well known that some human cells, such as those of the liver, heart, pancreas and thyroid, can become polyploid during aging, and also that such polyploidization might be induced by slowed cell proliferation after chronic injuries like inflammation, anoxia, and mechanical stress 21,22. Therefore, we concluded that the phenomenon of polyploidization detected in the human articular cartilage may be closely correlated with aging. The results of the diseased articular cartilage study showed that chondrocytes of OA cartilages in the moderate and severe grades or regeneration, and the chondrocytes of RA and AN cartilages consisted of more S- and G2-phase cells, compared with the chondrocytes of the normally aged cartilages. Therfore, it is suggested that these chondrocytes in the diseased articular cartilages actively proliferate for regeneration. Histologically, there were many clusters involving many chondrocytes in the moderate and severe OA cartilages. Many experimental studies suggested that the chhondrocytes in the clusters were going to activate DNA synthesis 2,3,5 8,23. These results are consistent with those of the present study. The chondrocytes in the regenerative cartilages from the bone marrow in OA or metaplastic cartilage from the pannus in RA also showed a greater value of S G2 index than the normal articular chondrocytes. in these cartilages, the cellularity was higher and the matrix was more immature than in the normal articular cartilage. Therefore, we speculate that those chondrocytes may actively proliferate. In addition, the chondrocytes of AN articular cartilages also showed a high value of S G2 index. We presume that these chondrocytes may reactively proliferate in response to the ischemic condition of the articular cartilage. 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