Botanical Pesticides for Pest Management Editor D.A. Dodia I.S. Patel G.M. Patel SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS (INDIA) P.O. Box 91 JODHPUR
Published by: Pawan Kumar Scientific Publishers (India) 5-A, New Pali Road, P.O. Box 91 JODHPUR 342 001 E-mail: info@scientificpub.com www.scientificpub.com Print : 2010 Dodia et al., 2008 ISBN: 978-81-7233-534-2 eisbn: 978-93-87869-30-1 Lasertype set : Rajesh Ojha Printed in India
PREFACE Insect pests cause an estimated 14 per cent of the crop losses worldwide. Although, the use of synthetic pesticides has prevented further losses, the history shows that overzealous use of synthetic insecticides led to numerous problems unforseen at the time of their introduction like acute and chronic poisoning of applicators, destruction of beneficial insects and the development of resistance to pesticides in pest populations. Government responded these problems with regulatory action, banning or severely restricting the most hazardous products and creating policies to replace chemicals of concern with those demonstrated to pose fewer or lesser risks to human health and the environment. Thus, repeated indications of pesticide toxicity have forced researchers to look for newer, eco-friendly, more potent and safer insecticides, especially from plant sources. The use of plant extracts as insecticides can be dated back at least 4000 years. It is highly probable, however, that the exploitation of the toxicological properties of plants has an even older history. The Ayurved, which is the ancient wisdom of India, is oldest system of medicine. India has been recognized worldwide as a country where indigenous agricultural techniques evolved. Like Ayurveda, which is the science of human life, the knowledge of the plant science is documented in the form of an ancient Granth called Vriksha Ayurved. Prior to the beginning of agriculture as a means of food production, people had already defined many plant based extracts which were believed to possess insecticidal properties. The scientific literature of the past 25 years describes hundreds of isolated plant secondary metabolites that show toxic effects to insects in laboratory bioassays and in recent years greater attention has been directed towards the discovery and development of phytochemicals or botanical pesticides. At present, there are numerous plant species that are used in developing countries for the production of pest control formulations and there are several commercial products already available in the market made from them. The real benefits of botanical insecticides can best be realized in developing countries, where farmers may not be able to afford synthetic insecticides. Though botanicals are also exploited for insect pest control, they are also said to be selective in action showing their safety towards the survival, development and dispersal of beneficial including macrobs and microbes. But one should not think success is at hand and botanical insecticides will replace all synthetic products. These can fit very well in IPM system, wherein conservation of beneficial organisms in an agro-eco system is the major principle. Many of the plants discussed in this book are tropical /
iv Botanical Pesticides for Pest Management subtropical in distribution and available to growers in developing countries. However, efficacy against pests is only one factor in the adoption of botanicals. Production, preparation or use of botanicals can mitigate against their use. Perhaps it is time to refocus the attention of the research community towards the development and application of known botanicals rather than screen more plants. We hope that this book will be equally useful to graduate/ post graduate students, researchers and extension workers as well. Vaibhavsingh Dodia and Dr. S.M. Chaudhary also deserve special mention for beautiful photography and computer graphic of title page. We appeal the readers to communicate any mistake, lacuna etc. to improve it in future. D. A. DODIA I. S. PATEL G. M. PATEL
CONTENTS Preface iii 1 BOTANICAL PESTICIDES 1 1. 1 Introduction 1 1. 2 Brief historical review 2 1. 3 Mode of action of botanical insecticides 7 1. 4 Mode of action of botanical pesticides against non-insect pests 26 2 BOTANICAL PESTICIDES AND THEIR ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE CROP PROTECTION 36 2. 1 Advantages of Botanical Pesticides 36 2. 2 Disadvantages of Botanical Pesticides 37 2. 3 Which type of plants should we use? 38 2. 4 Poisonous effects of some plants 38 2. 5 Synthetic formulations on the basis of botanicals 39 2. 6 Standardization of botanical preparations 40 2. 7 Regulatory approval 41 2. 8 Resistance 41 2. 9 How botanicals can be popularized among farmers? 41 2. 10 Research priorities on botanicals 42 2. 11 The future role of botanicals 42 2. 12 Future perspectives 43 3 USE OF BOTANICALS IN IPM PROGRAMME 45 3. 1 Integration with cropping Systems 45 3. 2 Combination of botanicals with entomophages and microbials 46 3. 3 Compatibility of botanicals to other botanicals 51 3. 4 Combination with chemical pesticides 51 3. 5 Extraction with cow urine 52 4 TREES OF BOTANICAL PESTICIDE IMPORTANCE 53 4. 1 Neem 53 4. 2 Dharek 83 4. 3 Pongam 92
vi Botanical Pesticides for Pest Management 4. 4 Custard apple 101 4. 5 Mahuda 110 4. 6 Ardusa 114 4. 7 Eucalyptus spp. 119 4. 8 Moringa 122 4. 9 Prosopis 124 4. 10 Derris spp. 127 4. 11 Quassia 129 4. 12 Gliricidia 131 5 SHRUBS OF BOTANICAL PESTICIDE IMPORTANCE 134 5. 1 Nirgundi 134 5. 2 Oleander 141 5. 3 Clerodendron 146 5. 4 Ipomoea 150 5. 5 Murraya 155 5. 6 Ryania 158 5. 7 Jatropha 160 5. 8 Euphorbia 165 5. 9 Bougainvillea 168 5. 10 Lantana 170 5. 11 Calotropis 178 5. 12 Adhatoda 183 6 PLANTS OF BOTANICAL PESTICIDE IMPORTANCE 192 6. 1 Indian Aloe 192 6. 2 Chrysanthemum 196 6. 3 Mint 200 6. 4 Ocimum spp. 206 6. 5 Parthenium sp. 216 6. 6 Onion 222 6.7 Chilli 226 6. 8 Lilly 230 6. 9 Tephrosia 231 6. 10 Marigold 234 6. 11 Matsyagandhati 238 6. 12 Bhoyringani 240 6. 13 Lemon grass 243
Contents vii 6. 14 Turmeric 247 6. 15 Ginger 250 6. 16 Vinca 254 6. 17 Vilayati Tulsi 257 6. 18 Sida 260 6. 19 Kubi 262 6. 20 Castor 264 6. 21 Garlic 267 6. 22 Indian Belladonna 274 6. 23 Datura 276 6. 24 Tobacco 282 6. 25 Sweet flag 288 7 PROCESSING OF BOTANICALS 299 7. 1 Decoction 299 7. 2 Extraction 300 7. 3 Maceration 302 7. 4 Infusion 302 7. 5 Distillation process 303 7. 6 Standard procedures for the preparation and application of the 304 plant extracts 7. 7 Parts of medicinal plant to be used 305 7. 8 Active constituents of pesticidal plants 306 Reference 308 Index 340
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