PANEL DISCUSSION: SCREENING FOR LUNG CANCER Anthony D Weaver MD
Disclosures Anthony Weaver has no relationships to disclose. Thank God! A panel of experts! An Equal Opportunity University
Objectives 1. Analyze the current demographics of lung cancer in Kentucky. 2. Discuss current guidelines and recommendations for lung cancer screening 3. Review selected research on lung cancer screening 4. Suggest future directions An Equal Opportunity University
Objective 1 Analyze the current demographics of lung CA
Statistics: lung cancer leading cause of cancer deaths in the US In 2012, there were more than 225 000 new cases and more than 160,000 deaths Lung cancer deaths surpassed the total deaths from cancers of the breast, prostate, and colon combined.1 An Equal Opportunity University
Lung Cancer, 2004-2008 Region Incidence Rate Mortality Rate US* 62.0 52.5 # Kentucky** 100.8 75.1 The KY incidence is 62.6% HIGHER than the US The KY mortality is 43.0 % HIGHER than the US An Equal Opportunity University *Source: SEER*Stat 7.0.4 SEER 17 Registries **Source: Kentucky Cancer Registry #: Based on 2003-2007 rate
Kentucky Cancer Deaths per year 2006-2010 Lung and Bronchus 3416 Colon 881 Breast 597 Pancreas 507 Prostate 392 Leukemia 332 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 320 Ovary 212 An Equal Opportunity University
Lung/Bronchus Cancer All 120 counties death rate above the US average. The death rate varies from 59 in Larue and Cumberland counties to 124 in Gallatin County. The highest rates are in eastern KY and Ohio, Butler, and Muhlenberg counties. An Equal Opportunity University
Smoking 90% of lung cancer related to smoking. The strongest determinant of lung cancer in smokers is duration of cigarette smoking, and the risk also becomes larger with the number of cigarettes smoked. Smoking causes lung cancer in both men and women. An Equal Opportunity University
Prevalence of Current Smoking by Area Development District, 2010 An Equal Opportunity University
Lung Cancer Incidence by Area Development District, 2004-2008 An Equal Opportunity University
Lung Cancer Mortality by Area Development District, 2004-2008 An Equal Opportunity University
Other Risk Factors Radiation therapy in both Hodgkin lymphoma and breast cancer. Environmental toxins: second-hand smoke, asbestos, radon, metals (arsenic, chromium, and nickel), ionizing radiation, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pulmonary fibrosis risk increased about 7X HIV infection Genetic factors clearly established familial risk. Dietary factors (antioxidants, cruciferous vegetables, phytoestrogens) may reduce the risk of lung cancer, but trials in high-risk patients have not been successful. An Equal Opportunity University
Radon? An Equal Opportunity University
Lung Cancer in the Mountains
ilovemountains.org
Objective 2 Discuss current guidelines and recommendations for lung cancer screening
USPSTF The USPSTF recommends annual screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in adults aged 55 to 80 years who have a 30 pack-year smoking history and currently smoke or have quit within the past 15 years. Screening should be discontinued once a person has not smoked for 15 years or develops a health problem that substantially limits life expectancy or the ability or willingness to have curative lung surgery. (B recommendation) An Equal Opportunity University
On April 30, 2014, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) will be convening a Medicare Evidence Development and Coverage Advisory Committee (MEDCAC) meeting to review all the available data, prior to making its final coverage decision.
From: Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer JAMA. 2013;309(11):1163-1170. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.216988 Figure Legend: Date of download: 3/25/2013 Copyright 2012 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
AAFP (2013) The evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against screening (Grade: I recommendation) AAFP has significant concern with basing such a far reaching and costly recommendation on a single study. The NLST, conducted in major medical centers, has not been replicated in a community setting. The long term harms of radiation exposure unknown. An Equal Opportunity University
AAFP (2013) The USPSTF recommends annual CT screening even though the NLST trial was only 3 scans NNS to prevent one lung cancer death over 5 years and 3 screenings is 312. NNS to prevent one death by any cause is 208 over 5 years in the NLST trial. 40% will have a positive result requiring follow-up. The harms of these follow-up interventions in the community is not known. "The cost-effectiveness of low-dose CT screening must also be considered in the context of competing interventions, particularly smoking cessation." An Equal Opportunity University
Objective 3 Review selected research on lung cancer screening
MDLCP Entry Criteria An Equal Opportunity University
Screening LCST: Three yearly screenings with either low dose CT or PA/Lat CXRs and followed for 3.5 years MDLCP: Three yearly screenings with low dose CT at community hospitals, with central review An Equal Opportunity University
Problems with Community-based screening Variability in the interpretation screening CT by local radiologists with the discrepancy rate of 9% and 3/6 cancers initially missed In patients with nodules: Recommendations from local radiologist may vary from Fleischner guidelines Inconsistency by referring physicians in following recommendations An Equal Opportunity University
Date of download: 4/15/2014 Copyright American College of Chest Physicians. All rights reserved. Evaluation of Patients With Pulmonary Nodules: When Is It Lung Cancer? * : ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (2nd Edition) Chest. 2007;132(3_suppl):108S-130S. doi:10.1378/chest.07-1353 Fleischner Society Guidelines
Current Practice on F/U of nodules JAMA Intern Med. Published online April 7, 2014. An Equal Opportunity University
Too Much and Too Little Care Reviewed records of 300 adults with pulmonary nodules from 15 VA s 20% 4 mm 45% 5-8 mm 36% > 8 mm Median # of tests =2 (benign nodule), 8 (cancer) Median total F/U = 13 mo. (<1mo.-8.5 yrs) 4/13 nodules resected were benign 8/46 with invasive testing had complications An Equal Opportunity University
Conclusions 55.3% of patients received appropriate evaluation, 17.8% over-evaluated, and 26.9% under-evaluated. "It is important for clinicians to recognize that there is a real gap between care that is currently being delivered to patients with pulmonary nodules and what clinical practice guidelines considered optimal care" An Equal Opportunity University
JAMA May 20, 2012, Vol 307, No. 22
Conclusion Screening a population of individuals at a substantially elevated risk of lung cancer most likely could be performed in a manner such that the benefits that accrue to a few individuals outweigh the harms that many will experience. However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding how to translate that conclusion into clinical practice. An Equal Opportunity University
Lung Cancer: Why the Guilt Trip? Memorial Sloan-Kettering survey 2000 lung cancer patients 84% current non-smokers people who start smoking are generally 12 or 13years old They were targeted. We are going to be faced with an epidemic of lung cancer for a decade or more if every single person stops smoking today. An Equal Opportunity University
Objective 4 Suggest future directions
SUGGESTIONS We should be screening for lung cancer in Kentucky, particularly Eastern Kentucky Scans should be done locally, with oversight There should be at a minimum a registry, but preferably an organized network for managing positive screens Talk to Whitney Jones about starting a statewide cancer screening program An Equal Opportunity University
Weaver s wish list Statewide smoking ban $.50 per pack increase in state cigarette tax Kentucky Medicaid pays for lung cancer screening, but demands accountability Lung cancer biospecimen bank with statewide specimen collection Research into the determinants of lung cancer in high risk counties (?Mountain Top Removal?) An Equal Opportunity University