ENVIR 202: Lesson No. 15 Transportation and Sprawl February 8th, 2006 Gail Sandlin University of Washington Program on the Environment ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 1 Urban Transportation Modes ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 2 One Hour Commuting Distance ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 3 Source: Adapted from Hugill (1993), p. 213. 5 km ~ 3 miles ENVIR 202: Population & Health 1
Density & Mobility ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 4 Spatial Evolution of the City Pre-Industrial Industrial Contemporary (pedestrian) (rail/streetcar) (auto) ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 5 Mobility Industrial Age Pedestrian Horses ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 6 ENVIR 202: Population & Health 2
Env. Burdens of Transportation 3000 horse-drawn buses 500 million passengers per year 1000 horse drawn vehicles per hour 25 lbs of manure and urine per horse per day deposited onto the city streets Animal carcasses clogged the streets; 15,000 in NYC in 1880 ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 7 Death Rate in the Industrial Age City Population Persons/ Dwelling Deaths Death Rate (per 1000) 1880 1889 1880 1880 1889 1880 1889 New York 1,206,299 1,575,073 16.37 31,937 39,679 26.47 25.19 London 3,816,483 4,351,738 7.9 81,431 75,683 21.3 17.4 Philadelphia 846,980 1,040,245 5.79 17,711 20,536 20.91 19.7 Brooklyn 566,689 814,505 9.11 13,222 18,288 23.33 22.5 Boston 362,535 420,000 8.26 8,612 10,259 23.75 24.42 2001 NYC 2.5 6-9 www.nyc.gov/html/doh/pdf/epi/disparities-2004.pdf ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 8 Traffic Congestion 1900 s ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 9 ENVIR 202: Population & Health 3
Traffic Congestion City Planning & the Problems of Congestion 1909-Washington, D.C. Disease, poverty, darkness & vice of cities caused by the scourge of high density living Urban transportation planners must build public transit to the outlying areas to lower density and improve living conditions Transportation improvements seen as a source of environment benefits not environmental pollutants. ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 10 The Automobile A solution to the horse problem Clean and environmentally benign ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 11 Exodus from the Urban Center Baltimore 1889 first horse car line 1895 electric street car 1925 Mass produced Model T 1962 Baltimore beltway completed ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/11oct_sprawl.htm 12 ENVIR 202: Population & Health 4
Expressways & Housing: Urban Renewal Dan Ryan Expressway, Chicago 1950 s-60 s Slum clearance Suburbanite access ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 13 Cabrini Green ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 14 Expressways & Housing: Suburban Living More family advantages More personal comfort and security More friends and fun More home for a woman to enjoy And more for a man to come home to In Park Forest From Park Forest marketing brochure, about 1955 ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 15 ENVIR 202: Population & Health 5
Land Metamorphosis A single country lane The automobile enters the scene A divided road Increasing density Then a 4 lane road ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 16 The Expressway and Population Health Urban Loss of community integrity Proximity to traffic Noise, air pollution, public safety Suburban Auto dependence Commuting stress Not pedestrian oriented; related to obesity ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 17 Regional Growth Percent Increase 1980-1992 Population Employment VMT 28.9 39.4 79.5 1992-2004 Population Employment 18.3 19.9 VMT 23.3 ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 18 http://www.psrc.org/datapubs/pubs/trends/t2aug05.pdf ENVIR 202: Population & Health 6
Air Pollution ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 19 Freeway Air Sheds Diesel -PM2.5 mid noon mid Concentration ( μg m -3 ) 0 20 40 Time: Midnight Nov 3, 1998 South Coast Air Basin CAMx model 210 x 120 km domain 1 hour time step 2 x 2 km grid cells http://julian.jmarshall.us/ ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 20 Dispersion Patterns Open / Complex Built Environment ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 21 ENVIR 202: Population & Health 7
Proximity to Traffic Mobile Source Pollutants 1 hour Ambient Air Regulatory Limits 8 hour 24 hour Annual Mean Adverse Health Effects Traffic / Environmental Health Studies PM 2.5 PM 10 Ultrafines 15 ug/ m 3 50 ug /m 3 65 ug / m 3 150 ug /m 3 * aggravation of asthma * depressed lung function in children *aggravation of acute respiratory symptoms * increased risk of wheezy bronchitis in infants van Vliet et al. 1997 Gehring et al 2002 English et al 1999 Wjst et al. 1993 Ozone 0.12 ppm 0.08 ppm *aggravation of asthma *reduced lung function CO 35 ppm 9 ppm *increased cardiac ischaemia NO 2 0.11 ppm (WHO).053 ppm * increased respiratory morbidity *aggravation of asthma * reduced rate of lung function Nitta et al 1993 Delfino et al 2003 * increased response to allergens Janssen et al. urban air toxics: e.g. benzene, acetaldehyde, *increased risk of lung 2003 VOC's formaldehyde etc. ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 cancer * Crosignani 22 increased risk of et childhood leukemia al. 2004 Air Pollution & Health http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/animation/toxicair_lung.swf ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 23 Freeway Air Pollution Sheds (FAPS) King County, Washington ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 24 ENVIR 202: Population & Health 8
Block Group 104004 FAPS Schools in FAPS SFH in UGB Cleveland HS Lesson 15: Transportation February 8, 2006 Census tract 104; Block Group 4? King County Freeways MFH in UGB FAPS 104004 Parcels I-5 0 0.3 Miles S. Lucille St.? S. Orcas St. S. Juneau St. Assume homogenous distribution to determine population in FAP divide housing units in FAPS by housing units in the Block Group percent distribution of Block Group demographics ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 25 Cleveland playfield Cleveland High Maple Hill area Georgetown ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 26 Questions ENVIR 202: Lesson 15 27 ENVIR 202: Population & Health 9
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