Venous Thrombosis Magnitude of the Problem DVT 2 Million Postthrombotic Syndrome 800,000 PE 600,000 Death 60,000 Silent PE 1 Million Pulmonary Hypertension 30,000 Estimated Cost of VTE Care $1.5 Billion/year Goldhaber SZ, et al. Lancet 1999;353:1386-19.
Etiology valvular damage
Modality Indications Time Frame Anticoagulants All Immediately Pharmacologic lysis Percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT) PTA/stenting Open surgical thrombectomy Acute Iliofemoral DVT Acute Iliofemoral DVT Chronic iliac vein stenosis Acute Iliofemoral DVT, not lytic candidate, or poor results after lysis/pmt As early as possible Early Following successful venous patency Early (Days)
Phlegmasia Cerulia Dolens
Peripheral Vascular Diseases: 2 nd Ed. Young, Olin, et al. 1996
AGENT Alteplase (rt-pa) Reteplase (r-pa) INFUSION 1.0 3.0 mg/hr 0.5 1.0 U/hr Tenectaplase (TNK) 0.25 0.5 mg/hr
Case Study 1: Acute Iliofemoral DVT
Placed patient in prone position and examination of right popliteal vein
Introducer sheath placement in popliteal vein under ultrasound guidance
Initial Venogram
Initial Venogram
First Venogram post PPS (30 minutes)
Left Iliac Vein Stenosis Biliary Endoprosthesis placement and post-stenting balloon angioplasty
Completion venogram
Completion venogram
Pre - thrombectomy
Post thrombectomy 4 days later Procedural time 2 hours No ICU stay
Case Study 2: Massive IVC thrombus post IVC filter 63 year old male presents with SOB and chest pain (from Texas!) History of PE, 2 DVT s, and IVC filter placement (1999) V/Q scan high probability for Pulmonary Embolus
IVC Filter in Place
Large IVC Thrombus Above Filter IVC Filter
IVC Filter Placed Above Thrombus Via Jugular Approach IVC Filter
Thrombectomy P-PS Technique
Thrombectomy P-PS Technique
Thrombectomy P-PS (tpa)
IVC Filter Post P-PS (30 min) No residual thrombus
Gooseneck Snare Removal of IVC Filter
Gooseneck Snare Removal of IVC Filter
Removal of IVC Filter
Removal of IVC Filter
Removal of IVC Filter
Removal of IVC Filter
Removal of IVC Filter
Removal of IVC Filter
Before After 30 Min P-PS
Etiology
SVC - Syndrome
BEFORE AFTER
Pulmonary Embolism Annual incidence Over 600,000 cases in the United States 1 1 episode per 1000 patients 2,3 Cause of Death # of annual deaths 4 PE Up to 200,000 1,4 AIDS 18,017 Breast Cancer 40,870 Causes or contributes to 15% of all hospital deaths 5 PE is seen in 40-50% of patients with symptomatic proximal DVT 6 ; recurrent PE is a substantial risk 1. Wood. Major pulmonary embolism: review of a pathopahysiologic approach to the golden hour of hemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism. Chest 2002;121:877-905. 2. Tapson. Acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2008;358(10):1037-1052. 3. Silverstein et al. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based study. Arch intern Med 1998;158:585-93. 4. American Heart Association Fact Sheet 2008. 5. Dalen JE et al. Natural history of pulmonary embolism. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1975;17:259-70. 6. Huisman MV et al. Unexpected high prevelance of silent pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. CHEST 1989;95:498-502.
Treatment Anticoagulation (UFH, LMWH, Fondaparinux) Systemic thrombolysis Catheter-directed thrombolysis Mechanical and pharmacomechanical interventions Surgical embolectomy
Pulmonary Embolism Patient risk stratification (per AHA 2011 guidelines) Massive PE Submassive PE Minor/Nonmassive PE High risk Moderate risk Low risk Sustained hypotension (systolic BP <90 mmhg for 15 min) Inotropic support Pulselessness Persistent profound bradycardia (HR <40 bpm with signs or symptoms of shock) Systemically normotensive (systolic BP 90 mmhg) RV dysfunction Myocardial necrosis Systemically normotensive (systolic BP 90 mmhg) No RV dysfunction No myocardial necrosis RV dysfunction RV/LV ratio > 0.9 or RV systolic dysfunction on echo RV/LV ratio > 0.9 on CT Elevation of BNP (>90 pg/ml) Elevation of NTpro-BNP (>500 pg/ml) ECG changes new complete or incomplete RBBB anteroseptal ST elevation or depression anteroseptal T-wave inversion Jaff et al. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;123(16):1788-1830. 84
Patients with right heart dysfunction defined as RV D /LV D > 0.9 have a significantly higher chance of adverse events within 30 days. Quiroz R, Kucher N, Schoepf J, et. al. Circulation. 2004;109:2401-2404. Adverse event rate: 54% if RV D /LV D ratio < 0.9 82% if RV D /LV D ratio 0.9 OR : 4.02 (p=0.041) 85
Circulation. 2005;112:e28-e32 86
Recommendations for Catheter Embolectomy and Fragmentation for PE Recommendations Depending on local expertise, either catheter embolectomy and fragmentation or surgical embolectomy is reasonable for patients with massive PE and contraindications to fibrinolysis Catheter embolectomy and fragmentation or surgical embolectomy is reasonable for patients with massive PE who remain unstable after receiving fibrinolysis For patients with massive PE who cannot receive fibrinolysis or who remain unstable after fibrinolysis, it is reasonable to consider transfer to an institution experienced in either catheter embolectomy or surgical embolectomy if these procedures are not available locally and safe transfer can be achieved Either catheter embolectomy or surgical embolectomy may be considered for patients with submassive acute PE judged to have clinical evidence of adverse prognosis (new hemodynamic instability, worsening respiratory failure, severe RV dysfunction, or major myocardial necrosis) Catheter embolectomy and surgical thrombectomy are not recommended for patients with low-risk PE or submassive acute PE with minor RV dysfunction, minor myocardial necrosis, and no clinical worsening Circulation 2011, 123:1788-1830 Level of Evidence Class IIa; Level of Evidence C Class IIa; Level of Evidence C Class IIa; Level of Evidence C Class IIb; Level of Evidence C Class III; Level of Evidence C
Mechanical Fragmentation Hydrodynamic Ultrasound-Accelerated Fibrinolysis Suction Embolectomy
Case Study Massive PE 90
Hemodynamics- Massive PE
Ekosonic Control Unit Ekosonic Mach4 Endovascular Device 5.4 fr Intelligent side-hole drug delivery catheter Ultrasound MicroSonic Core
Slide courtesy : Dr.Goswami Prairie Heart