1. Which characteristic of sexual reproduction has specifically favored the survival of animals that live on land? A. fusion of gametes in the outside environment B. male gametes that may be carried by the wind C. fertilization within the body of the female D. female gametes that develop within ovaries
2. The nucleus is removed from a body cell of one organism and is placed in an egg cell that has had its nucleus removed. This process, which results in the production of organisms that are genetically alike, is known as A. cloning B. fertilization C. biological adaptation D. DNA production
3. The diagrams represent organs of two individuals. The diagrams are followed by a list of sentences. For each phrase in the questions, select the sentence from the list below that best applies to that phrase. Sentences 1. The phrase is correct for both Individual A and Individual B. 2. The phrase is not correct for either Individual A or Individual B. 3. The phrase is correct for Individual A, only. 4. The phrase is correct for Individual B, only Contains organs that produce gametes
4. The diagrams represent organs of two individuals. The diagrams are followed by a list of sentences. For each phrase in the questions, select the sentence from the list below that best applies to that phrase. Sentences 1. The phrase is correct for both Individual A and Individual B. 2. The phrase is not correct for either Individual A or Individual B. 3. The phrase is correct for Individual A, only. 4. The phrase is correct for Individual B, only Contains organs involved in internal fertilization
5. The diagrams represent organs of two individuals. The diagrams are followed by a list of sentences. For each phrase in the questions, select the sentence from the list below that best applies to that phrase. Sentences 1. The phrase is correct for both Individual A and Individual B. 2. The phrase is not correct for either Individual A or Individual B. 3. The phrase is correct for Individual A, only. 4. The phrase is correct for Individual B, only Contains a structure in which a zygote divides by mitosis
6. Which phrase does not describe cells cloned from a carrot? A. they are genetically identical B. they are produced sexually C. they have the same DNA codes D. they have identical chromosomes
7. Which statement best explains the significance of meiosis in the evolution of a species? A. Meiosis produces eggs and sperm that are alike B. Meiosis provides form chromosomal variation in the gametes produced by an organism. C. Equal numbers of eggs and sperm are produced by meiosis. D. The gametes produced by meiosis ensure the continuation of any particular species by asexual reproduction.
8. Which event does not occur between stages 2 and 11 in the process represented in the diagram below? A. a decrease in cell size B. DNA replication C. the development of embryonic layers D. fertilization
9. The diagram shows a process that can occur during meiosis. The most likely result of this process is A. a new combination of inheritable traits that can appear in the offspring B. an inability to pass either of these chromosomes on to offspring C. a loss of genetic information that will produce a genetic disorder in the offspring D. an increase in the chromosome number of the organism in which this process occurs
10. The arrows in the diagram below illustrate processes in the life of a species that reproduces sexually. Which processes result directly in the formation of cells with half the amount of genetic material that is characteristic of the species? A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 3 and 4 D. 4 and 5
11. A cell resulting from the fertilization of an egg begins to divide. Two cells are formed that normally remain attached and could develop into a new individual. If the two cells become separated, which statement describes what would most likely occur? A. The cells would each have all of the needed genetic information, and both could survive. B. The cells would each have only one-half of the needed genetic information, so both would die. C. One cell would have all of the needed genetic information and would survive, but the other would have none of the needed genetic information and would die. D. Each cell would have some of the needed genetic information, but would be unable to share it, so both would die.
12. Most mammals have adaptations for A. internal fertilization and internal development of the fetus B. internal fertilization and external development of the fetus C. external fertilization and external development of the fetus D. external fertilization and internal development of the fetus
13. The diagram below illustrates the process of cell division. What is the significance of anaphase in this process? A. Anaphase usually ensures that each daughter cell has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. B. Anaphase usually ensures that each daughter cell has twice as many chromosomes as the parent cell. C. In anaphase, the cell splits in half. D. In anaphase, the DNA is being replicated.
14. The diagram below illustrates some of the changes that occur during gamete formation. Which graph best represents the changes in the amount of DNA in one of the cells at each stage? A. B. C. D.
15. The diagram below represents a series of events in the development of a bird. Which series of terms best represents the sequence of processes shown? A. meiosis growth differentiation B. meiosis differentiation growth C. mitosis meiosis differentiation D. mitosis differentiation growth
16. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a single-celled organism, such as an ameba, undergoing the changes shown. Process 1 and process 2 are directly involved in A. meiotic cell division B. mitotic cell division C. fertilization D. recombination
17. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a single-celled organism, such as an ameba, undergoing the changes shown. The genetic content of C is usually identical to the genetic content of A. B but not D B. both B and D C. D but not A D. both A and D
18. The diagram below represents a nucleus containing the normal chromosome number for a species. Which diagram bests illustrates the normal formation of a cell that contains all of the genetic information needed for growth, development, and future reproduction of this species? A. B. C. D.
19. Which statement concerning the reproductive cells in the diagram below is correct? A. The cells are produced by mitosis and contain all the genetic information of the father. B. If one of these cells fertilizes an egg, the offspring will be identical to the father. C. Each of these cells contains only half the genetic information necessary for the formation of an offspring. D. An egg fertilized by one of these cells will develop into a female with the same characteristics as the mother.
20. Which row in the chart below indicates the correct process for each event indicated? Row Formation of Egg Formation of Sperm Growth of Embryo (1) mitosis mitosis meiosis (2) mitosis meiosis mitosis (3) meiosis mitosis meiosis (4) meiosis meiosis mitosis A. (1) B. (2) C. (3) D. (4)
21. Structures in a human female are represented in the diagram. A heavy dose of radiation would have the greatest impact on genetic information in future offspring if it reached gametes developing within structure A. A B. B C. C D. D
22. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below, which represents the human female reproductive system. New inherited characteristics may appear in offspring as a result of new combinations of existing genes or may result from mutations in genes contained in cells produced by structure A. A B. B C. C D. D
23. The letters in the diagram below represent structures in a human female. Estrogen and progesterone increase the chance for successful fetal development by regulating activities within structure A. A B. B C. C D. D
24. Which statement describes one function of the placenta in mammals? A. It allows blood of the mother to mix with the blood of the fetus. B. It contains fluid that protects the embryo from harm. C. It removes waste products that are produced in the cells of the fetus. D. It synthesizes food for the embryo.
25. The diagram below represents the male reproductive system in humans. If structure X was cut and tied off at the arrow, which change would occur immediately? A. Hormones would no longer be produced. B. Sperm would no longer be produced. C. Sperm would be produced but no long released from the body. D. Urine would be produced but no longer released from the bladder.
26. A sperm cell from an organism is represented in the diagram below. Which statement regarding this sperm cell is not correct? A. The acrosome contains half the normal number of chromosomes. B. Energy to move the flagellum originates in the middle piece. C. The head may contain a mutation. D. This cell can unite with another cell resulting in the production of a new organism.
27. The diagram below represents a human reproductive system. Meiosis occurs within structure A. A B. B C. C D. D
28. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below, which represents systems in a human male and on your knowledge of biology. Which sequence represents the path of sperm leaving the body? A. A C G B. A C B C. E F H D. D F G
29. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below, which represents systems in a human male and on your knowledge of biology. Which structures aid in the transport of sperm by secreting fluid? A. A and H B. B and E C. C and D D. D and H
30. Base your answer(s) to the following question(s) on the diagram below, which represents systems in a human male and on your knowledge of biology. Which structure has both reproductive and excretory functions? A. A B. G C. C D. D
31. During the last months of pregnancy, the brain of a human embryo undergoes an essential growth spurt. Which action by the mother would most likely pose the greatest threat to the normal development of the nervous system of the embryo at this time? A. spraying pesticides in the garden B. taking prescribed vitamins on a daily basis C. maintaining a diet high in fiber and low in fat D. not exercising
32. Although all the body cells in an animal contain the same hereditary information, they do not all look and function the same way. The cause of this difference is that during differentiation A. embryonic cells use different portions of their genetic information B. the number of genes increases as embryonic cells move to new locations C. embryonic cells delete portions of chromosomes D. genes in embryonic body cells mutate rapidly
33. Mustard gas removes guanine (G) from DNA. For developing embryos, exposure to mustard gas can cause serious deformities because guanine A. stores the building blocks of proteins B. supports the structure of ribosomes C. produces energy for genetic transfer D. is part of the genetic code