Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A AA. See Alopecia areata. Acrofacial vitiligo presentation of, 135, 136 AD. See Atopic dermatitis. Adaptive immunity and vitiligo, 258 Afamelanotide and vitiligo, 168 AITD. See Autoimmune thyroid disease. Alopecia areata and vitiligo, 120 a-melanocyte stimulating hormone and vitiligo, 261 a-msh. See a-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Antimalarials Atopic dermatitis and vitiligo, 120, 121 Autoimmune disorders and vitiligo, 117 123, 246 Autoimmune screening and vitiligo in children, 231 Autoimmune thyroid disease and vitiligo, 117, 120, 123 Autoimmunity and chemical-induced vitiligo, 151, 158 and vitiligo, 259 261 B Basal cell carcinoma and vitiligo, 129, 131 BB-UVB. See Broadband ultraviolet B. BCC. See Basal cell carcinoma. Biologics, 216 Blaschko lines and segmental vitiligo, 147, 148 Blister graft and vitiligo, 198 Broadband ultraviolet A and phototherapy, 178 Broadband ultraviolet B and phototherapy, 171, 175, 177, 178 and repigmentation, 213 Dermatol Clin 35 (2017) 267 273 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(17)30020-7 0733-8635/17 C Calcineurin inhibitors and repigmentation, 214, 215 and vitiligo, 112, 165 Carotinoid and vitiligo, 239 CD. See Celiac disease. Celiac disease and vitiligo, 121, 236 Cellular graft Cellular stress and chemical-induced vitiligo, 156, 158 and vitiligo, 257 259 Chemical-induced vitiligo, 151 161 and autoimmunity, 151, 158 and cellular stress, 156, 158 and dyes, 153 and household products, 155 mechanism of, 155 158 and monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone, 152 and para-phenylenediamine, 153, 155 157 and phenols, 152, 153, 155 158 products indirectly implicated in, 153, 154 and rhododendrol, 153, 154, 156 158 and 4-tert-amylphenol, 152, 153 and 4-tert-butylcatechol, 152, 153 and tyrosine, 156 158 Chemokines and vitiligo, 258 Clofazimine and vitiligo, 112 Combination therapies and vitiligo, 183 185 Confettilike lesions and vitiligo, 136 Corticosteroids and vitiligo, 165 Cosmetics and vitiligo, 113 Cryotherapy and depigmentation therapies, 225 Cultured epidermal graft Cultured melanocyte graft CXCL10 and vitiligo, 259, 260 derm.theclinics.com
268 Index D Depigmentation and vitiligo, 113, 137 139, 142 Depigmentation therapies agents for, 221 candidates for, 219, 220 consent for, 221 and cryotherapy, 225 emerging, 226 inclusion criteria for, 220 indications for, 220 and laser treatment, 225, 226 and 4-methoxyphenol, 225 and monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone, 220 225 and phenol, 225 physical, 225, 226 protocol for, 224 topical, 220 225 Depigmentation therapies for vitiligo, 219 227 Depression and vitiligo, 124, 125 Dermatology Quality of Life Index and vitiligo, 124, 125 Diabetes mellitus and vitiligo, 121 Diet and vitiligo, 235 241 DQLI. See Dermatology Quality of Life Index Dyes and chemical-induced vitiligo, 153 E EGCG. See Epigaollocalechin-3-galate. Epigaollocalechin-3-galate Erythema and phototherapy, 182, 183, 185 Excimer laser and phototherapy, 175, 176 Eximer laser vs. narrow band ultraviolet B, 176, 177 Eximer light vs. narrow band ultraviolet B, 176, 177 and phototherapy, 176 F Flip-top graft and vitiligo, 199 5-Fluorouracil and vitiligo, 113 Focal vitiligo presentation of, 135 Folic acid, 112, 236, 237 G Generalized vitiligo presentation of, 135, 136 Genetic linkage studies and vitiligo, 247 Genetic markers for vitiligo, 246 Genetics of vitiligo, 245 255 Genitals and phototherapy, 179 Genomewide association studies and vitiligo, 246, 247, 250 252 Ginkgo biloba and vitiligo, 239, 240 Green tea GWAS. See Genomewide association studies. H Hair color and phototherapy, 179 Hair follicle graft and vitiligo, 199 Hair follicles and repigmentation, 205 207, 209, 211 216 Halo nevi and segmental vitiligo, 145, 147, 148 Helicobacter pylori infection and vitiligo, 121, 122 Herbal supplements and vitiligo, 239, 240 HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus. Household products and chemical-induced vitiligo, 155 HSP70i. See Inducible heat shock protein 70. Human immunodeficiency virus infection Human models of repigmentation, 212 Hypopigmentation and vitiligo, 139 142, 143 I Immune checkpoints and vitiligo, 261 Immunomodulation Inducible heat shock protein 70 and vitiligo, 259 Inflammatory vitiligo, 136 Innate immunity and vitiligo, 258 Interferon-g and vitiligo, 259, 260
Index 269 J JAK. See Janus kinase. JAK-STAT signaling. See Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling. Janus kinase inhibitors and vitiligo, 168 Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling and vitiligo, 260, 261 K Khellin Koebner phenomenon and vitiligo, 136 L Laser treatment and depigmentation therapies, 225, 226 Leukoderma and vitiligo, 108, 137 139, 141 Levamisole Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus M Machine calibration and phototherapy, 185 MBEH. See Monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. Medical and maintenance treatments for vitiligo, 163 170 The medical treatment of vitiligo: An historical review, 107 116 Melanocyte environment Melanocyte regeneration in vitiligo, 205 216 Melanocyte stress and vitiligo, 258, 259 Melanogenesis and vitiligo, 258, 261 Melanoma and vitiligo, 129 133 Methotrexate 4-Methoxyphenol complications of, 225 and depigmentation therapies, 225 Microvascular skin homing and segmental vitiligo, 148 Mini-punch graft and vitiligo, 198 Minocycline Monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone and chemical-induced vitiligo, 152 complications of, 224, 225 and depigmentation therapies, 220 225 Morphea Mouse models of repigmentation, 211, 212 4-MP. See 4-Methoxyphenol. N Narrow band ultraviolet B vs. eximer laser, 176, 177 vs. eximer light, 176, 177 optimization of, 178 and phototherapy, 171 185 and repigmentation, 206, 208, 209, 212 216 NB-UVB. See Narrow band ultraviolet B. Neuronal mechanisms and segmental vitiligo, 148 NMSC. See Non-melanoma skin cancers. Non-melanoma skin cancers and vitiligo, 129 133 Non-MHC. See Non major histocompatibility complex. Noncultured epidermal melanocyte suspension Noncultured follicular root sheath suspension, 201 Noncultured graft, 201 Non major histocompatibility complex candidate genes and vitiligo, 246, 247 O OMP. See Oral minipulse. Oral minipulse steroid treatment Oxidative stress and vitiligo, 235 237, 239, 241, 257, 258 P PA. See Pernicious anemia. Para-phenylenediamine and chemical-induced vitiligo, 153, 155 157 Pernicious anemia and vitiligo, 121 Phenols
270 Index Phenols (continued ) and chemical-induced vitiligo, 152, 153, 155 158 complications of, 225 and depigmentation therapies, 225 Phenylalanine Phototherapy and activity of vitiligo, 178 adverse effects of, 172 175 and arrest of repigmentation, 185 and broadband ultraviolet A, 178 and broadband ultraviolet B, 171, 175, 177, 178 in combination with other therapies, 183 185 comparison of different forms, 173 175 and darkening of normal skin, 185 and development of new lesions, 185 and disease duration, 179 and distribution of lesions, 179 and enhancement of repigmentation, 183 and erythema, 182, 183, 185 and excimer laser, 175, 176 and eximer light, 176 and failure of compliance, 185 and failure of repigmentation, 185 and genitals, 179 and hair color, 179 history of, 171, 172 and immunomodulation, 183 and induction of stabilization, 183 and machine calibration, 185 and mechanism of action, 172 and melanocyte environment, 183 and melanogenesis, 183 and narrow band ultraviolet B, 171 185 new developments in, 186 and number of exposures, 179 181 obstacles of, 185 and oxidative stress, 183 and patient s response to light, 179 protocol for, 178 183 and psoralen plus ultraviolet A, 171 175, 177 179 and skin phototype, 178, 179 starting dose for, 181, 182 and stopping treatment, 185, 186 and suberythema, 182, 183 and supplying the missing reservoir, 183 185 and type of vitiligo, 178 and visible light, 178 and vitiligo, 109, 110, 112, 129 133, 163, 165 168, 171 186 and Vitiligo Working Group recommendations, 175, 179 182, 185, 186 Phototherapy and combination therapies for vitiligo, 171 192 Phyllanthus emblica and vitiligo, 239 Piperine PL. See Polypodium leucotomos. Polypodium leucotomos PPD. See Para-phenylenediamine. Presentations, signs of activity, and differential diagnosis of vitiligo, 135 144 Prostaglandins and vitiligo, 168 Pseudocatalase and vitiligo, 113 Psoralen plus ultraviolet A and phototherapy, 171 175, 177 179 and repigmentation, 207, 213, 214 Psoralens and vitiligo, 108 111 Psoriasis Psychosocial issues of vitiligo in children, 231, 232 Punch biopsies and repigmentation, 212 Punch grafts and repigmentation, 212 PUVA. See Psoralen plus ultraviolet A. Q Quality of life and vitiligo, 124, 125 Quality of life, burden of disease, co-morbidities, and systemic effects in vitiligo patients, 117 128 R Reactive oxygen species and vitiligo, 235, 236, 239 Repigmentation and afamelanotide, 215 and biologics, 215, 216 and broad band ultraviolet B, 213 and calcineurin inhibitors, 214, 215 and cellular and molecular changes, 209 213 and hair follicles, 205 207, 209, 211 216 human models of, 212 and janus kinase inhibitors, 215 mouse models of, 211, 212 and narrow band ultraviolet B, 206, 208, 209, 212 216 patterns of, 206, 207, 185 and psoralen plus ultraviolet A, 207, 213, 214 and punch biopsies, 212 and punch grafts, 212 sequences of, 209 211 and simvastatin, 215 sources of, 206, 207
Index 271 and steroids, 213, 214 vs. treatment-resistant lesions, 209 and vitamin D analogues, 215 and vitiligo, 165, 166 Repigmentation through melanocyte regeneration in vitiligo, 205 218 Rheumatologic diseases, 123 Rhododendrol and chemical-induced vitiligo, 153, 154, 156 158 The role of diet and supplements in vitiligo management, 235 243 ROS. See Reactive oxygen species. S SCC. See Squamous cell carcinoma. Segmental vitiligo, 145 150 and Blaschko lines, 147, 148 classification of, 146, 147 clinical signs of, 145 and combination etiopathology, 148, 149 distribution pattern of, 146 of the face, 146 and halo nevi, 145, 147, 148 histology of, 147, 148 and immunohistochemical data, 147, 148 and microvascular skin homing, 148 and neuronal mechanisms, 148 pathogenesis of, 148, 149 pathophysiology of, 147 149 presentation of, 135, 145 147 and somatic mosaicism, 148 treatment for, 149 of the trunk, 146, 147 Self-esteem and vitiligo, 124 Simvastatin Skin cancer risk (nonmelanoma skin cancers/melanoma) in vitiligo patients, 129 134 Skin color study of, 108, 109 Skin grafting and vitiligo, 193 202 Skin phototype and phototherapy, 178, 179 Smash graft and vitiligo, 199 Somatic mosaicism and segmental vitiligo, 148 Special considerations in children with vitiligo, 229 233 Split-thickness skin graft and vitiligo, 198, 199 Squamous cell carcinoma and vitiligo, 129, 131 Steroids and repigmentation, 213, 214 Suberythema and phototherapy, 182, 183 Sunscreen and vitiligo, 261, 262 Surgical therapies for vitiligo, 193 203 Susceptibility genes and vitiligo, 248, 250 253 Systemic steroids T 4-TAP. See 4-Tert-amylphenol. Targeted therapies and vitiligo, 258, 259 4-TBC. See 4-Tert-butylcatechol. 4-Tert-amylphenol and chemical-induced vitiligo, 152, 153 4-Tert-butylcatechol and chemical-induced vitiligo, 152, 153 Thyroid disease and vitiligo, 123, 124 Tissue grafting and vitiligo, 198, 199 Topical steroids and vitiligo, 112 Treatment-resistant lesions vs. repigmentation, 209 Trichrome lesions and vitiligo, 136 Tyrosine and chemical-induced vitiligo, 156 158 U Ultraviolet light and vitiligo, 108 113, 129 133, 163 168 V Visible light and phototherapy, 178 Vitamin B12 and vitiligo, 236, 237 Vitamin C and vitiligo, 237, 238 Vitamin D and vitiligo, 165, 238 Vitamin D analogues Vitamin D derivatives and vitiligo, 112, 113 Vitamin E and vitiligo, 238, 239 Vitiligo
272 Index Vitiligo (continued ) acrofacial, 135, 136 and adaptive immunity, 258 and afamelanotide, 168 and alopecia areata, 120 and a-melanocyte stimulating hormone, 261 and antimalarials, 111 and atopic dermatitis, 120, 121 and auditory abnormalities, 119, 120 and autoimmune disorders, 117 123 and autoimmune thyroid disease, 117, 120, 123 and basal cell carcinoma, 129, 131 and blister graft, 198 burden of, 124, 125 and calcineurin inhibitors, 112 and carotinoid, 239 and celiac disease, 121, 236 and cellular graft, 200 and cellular stress, 257 259 chemical-induced, 151 158 and chemokines, 258 in children, 229 232 and clofazimine, 112 and combination therapies, 183 185 and comorbidities, 117 124 and confettilike lesions, 136 and corticosteroids, 165 and cosmetics, 113 and cultured epidermal graft, 200 and cultured melanocyte graft, 200 cure for, 113, 114 and CXCL10, 259, 260 and depigmentation, 113 depigmentation therapies for, 219 226 and depression, 124, 125 and Dermatology Quality of Life Index, 124, 125 and diabetes mellitus, 121 and diet, 235 241 differential diagnosis of, 136 143 emerging medical treatments for, 168 emerging treatments for, 258 262 and environment, 258 and epigaollocalechin-3-galate, 240 and flip-top graft, 199 and 5-fluorouracil, 113 focal, 135 and folic acid, 111, 112, 236, 237 generalized, 135, 136 genetic epidemiology of, 245, 246 and genetic linkage studies, 247 genetic markers for, 246 genetics of, 245 253, 257 and genomewide association studies, 246, 247, 250 252 and Ginkgo biloba, 239, 240 and green tea, 240 and hair follicle graft, 199 and halting disease progression, 164, 165 and Helicobacter pylori infection, 121, 122 and herbal supplements, 239, 240 history of, 107, 108 history of treatment of, 108 110 and human immunodeficiency virus infection, 122 and immune checkpoints, 261 and inducible heat shock protein 70, 259 inflammatory, 136 and innate immunity, 258 and interferon-g, 259, 260 and JAK-STAT signaling, 260, 261 and janus kinase inhibitors, 168 and khellin, 111 and Koebner phenomenon, 136 laboratory evaluation of, 119 and leukoderma, 108, 137 139, 141 and levamisole, 111 and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, 122 and localized depigmentation, 137 139 and localized hypopigmentation, 139 142 medical treatments for, 166, 167 and melanocyte regeneration, 205 216 and melanogenesis, 258, 261 and melanoma, 129 133 and methotrexate, 164 and mini-punch graft, 198 and minocycline, 164 and morphea, 122 and non-melanoma skin cancers, 129 133 and non-mhc candidate genes, 246, 247 and noncultured epidermal melanocyte suspension, 200 and noncultured follicular root sheath suspension, 200, 201 and noncultured graft, 200, 201 and ocular abnormalities, 119, 120 and oral minipulse steroid treatment, 164 and oral supplements, 236 239 oral therapies for, 110 112 and other autoimmune diseases, 246 and oxidative stress, 235 237, 239, 241, 257, 258 pathogenesis of, 251, 257, 258 and patient selection for surgery, 193, 194 and perioperative considerations, 195 198 and pernicious anemia, 121 and phenylalanine, 111 and phototherapy, 109, 110, 112, 129 133, 163, 165 168, 171 186 and Phyllanthus emblica, 239 and piperine, 240 and Polypodium leucotomos, 240 and postoperative care, 201 and postoperative evaluation, 201, 202 and preoperative consultation, 194 preoperative evaluation of, 193, 194 and preoperative work-up, 195
Index 273 presentations of, 135, 136 and preventing relapses, 168 and pseudocatalase, 113 and psoralens, 108 111 and psoriasis, 122 and quality of life, 124, 125 and reactive oxygen species, 235, 236, 239 and reducing melanocyte stress, 258, 259 and regulating autoimmunity, 259 261 and repigmentation patterns, 206, 207 and repigmentation sources, 206, 207 and repigmentation therapies, 165, 166 and rheumatologic diseases, 122, 123 segmental, 135, 145 149 and selective sunscreen, 261, 262 and self-esteem, 124 and signs of activity, 136 and skin grafting, 193 202 and smash graft, 199 social burden of, 108, 113 and split-thickness skin graft, 198, 199 and squamous cell carcinoma, 129, 131 and stimulating melanocyte regeneration, 261, 262 and surgical site dressing, 197, 198 and surgical site preparation, 195 197 surgical techniques for, 198 201 surgical therapies for, 193 202 and susceptibility genes, 248, 250 253 systemic side effects of, 117 124 and systemic steroids, 164 and targeted therapies, 258, 259 and thyroid disease, 123, 124 and tissue grafting, 198, 199 and topical calcineurin inhibitors, 165 and topical prostaglandins, 168 and topical steroids, 112 topical therapies for, 112, 113 and topical vitamin D, 165 treatment algorithm for, 167 and trichrome lesions, 136 and ultraviolet light, 108 113, 129 133, 163 168 and vitamin B12, 236, 237 and vitamin C, 237, 238 and vitamin D, 238 and vitamin D derivatives, 112, 113 and vitamin E, 238, 239 and white spots, 107 109 and widespread depigmentation, 142 and widespread hypopigmentation, 142, 143 and Wnt signaling, 261 and zinc, 239 Vitiligo in children and autoimmune screening, 231 classification of, 229 clinical characteristics of, 230, 231 differential diagnosis for, 231 epidemiology of, 229 and laboratory investigations, 231 and predisposing factors, 230 and psychosocial issues, 231, 232 and therapeutic issues, 232 Vitiligo pathogenesis and emerging treatments, 257 265 Vitiligo Working Group and phototherapy recommendations, 175, 179 182, 185, 186 VWG. See Vitiligo Working Group. W White spots study of, 108, 109 and vitiligo, 107 109 Wnt signaling and vitiligo, 261 Z Zinc and vitiligo, 239