Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acid a-glucosidase deficiency (Pompe disease), 208, 237, 241, 293 Actin defects, in myopathies, 280 Acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency, 294 Adaptive devices, for muscular dystrophy, 242 243 Adaptive immune response, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 159 162 Aggregates, in inclusion body myositis, 298 Aldolase, in myositis, 151 Alemtuzumab, for inclusion body myositis, 179 Allele-specific oligonucleotide analysis, for myopathies, 274 Aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetase, antibodies to, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 150, 160 161 Aminoglycoside-induced deafness, 281 Amiodarone, myopathy due to, 221 222 Amyloid deposits, in inclusion body myositis, 176 178, 298 Amyopathic dermatomyositis, 144, 147 148 Andersen disease (glycogen storage disease type IV), 208 Anesthetics, malignant hyperthermia due to, 225 Angina, in dermatomyositis, 149 Antiaminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetase antibodies, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 150, 160 161 Antiarrhythmic agents, myopathy due to, 221 222 Antibacterial agents, myopathy due to, 224 Antibodies. See also specific antibodies. in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 150 152, 191 Antifungal agents, myopathy due to, 224 Antihistidyl-tRNA synthetase antibodies, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 150, 160 Antimicrobials, myopathy due to, 223 224 Antinuclear antibodies, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 160 Antipsychotics, myopathy due to, 225 Antisynthetase autoantibodies, 152 Anti-T-lymphocyte globulin, for inclusion body myositis, 179 Antiviral agents, myopathy due to, 223 224 Apoptosis, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 165 166 Arimoclomol, for inclusion body myositis, 179 Arrhythmias in dermatomyositis, 148 149 in muscular dystrophy, 242 Arthralgia and arthritis, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 145 Aspiration pneumonia, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 149 150 Atorvastatin, myopathy due to, 219 221 Autoimmune necrotizing myopathy, 154 155 Rheum Dis Clin N Am 37 (2011) 309 322 doi:10.1016/s0889-857x(11)00021-4 rheumatic.theclinics.com 0889-857X/11/$ see front matter ª 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
310 Index Autophagy, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 166 Autosomal dominant inheritance, of myopathies, 271 Autosomal recessive inheritance, of myopathies, 271 Axons, physiology of, electrodiagnostic testing and, 254 255 5-Azacytidine, myopathy due to, 224 B B lymphocytes, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 160 161 Becker muscular dystrophy, 234 235, 239, 241 243, 265 266, 278 b-enolase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type XIII), 210 211 Betamethasone, myopathy due to, 303 304 Bethlem myopathy, 240 241 Biopsy, muscle as gold standard, 289 for dermatomyositis, 151 for drug-induced myopathies, 299 304 for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, 294 299 for inclusion body myositis, 175 176 for metabolic myopathies, 292 294 for polymyositis, 151 procedure for, 290 Bohan and Peter criteria, for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, 143 144 Brancher enzyme deficiency (glycogen storage disease type IV), 208 Bronchoalveolar lavage, for polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 150 C Calcinosis, cutaneous, in dermatomyositis, 147 Calpain-3 defects, in muscular dystrophy, 278 Cancer. See Malignancy. Cardiac manifestations of dermatomyositis, 148 149 of muscular dystrophy, 239 241 Cardiomyopathy, in dermatomyositis, 148 149 Carnitine deficiency, 237, 294 Carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency, 211 212, 294 Caveolin-3 defects, in muscular dystrophy, 235, 278 Cell death, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 165 166 Cell-mediated immune response, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 161 162 Central core myopathy, 240 241 Channelopathies, 280 281 Chemokines, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 162 163 Chemotherapy drugs, myopathy due to, 224 Chloride channel defects, in muscular dystrophy, 280 281 Chloroquines, myopathy due to, 223, 302 303 Chromosome analysis, for myopathies, 272 274 Cimetidine, myopathy due to, 224 Coenzyme Q deficiency, in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorders, 214 Colchicine, myopathy due to, 222 223, 301 302 Compartment syndrome, MRI for, 249
Index 311 Complement activation, in dermatomyositis, 296 297 Complex repetitive discharges, in electromyography, 259 260 Compound motor action potential, in nerve conduction studies, 264 Computed tomography for dermatomyositis, 150, 153 for muscle injury and disease, 245 for polymyositis, 150, 153 Conduction abnormalities, in dermatomyositis, 148 149 Congestive heart failure, in dermatomyositis, 148 149 Cori-Forbes disease (glycogen storage disease type III), 208 Corticosteroids for inclusion body myositis, 178 179 for muscular dystrophy, 241 myopathy due to, 222, 303 304 Cough, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 149 150 Cramp, in electromyography, 262 Craniobulbar weakness, myopathies in, 238 Creatine kinase in inclusion body myositis, 175 in Mc Cardle disease, 208 in muscular dystrophy, 278 Creatine phosphokinase, in muscular dystrophy, 234 Cyclic vomiting syndrome, 281 Cyclooxygenase, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 163 Cyclophosphamide, myopathy due to, 224 Cyclosporine, myopathy due to, 223 Cytarabine, myopathy due to, 224 Cytokeratin, in myositis, 150 151 Cytokines, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 162 164 Cytomegalovirus infections, myositis and, 162 D Deafness, aminoglycoside-induced, 281 Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, for myopathies, 274 275 Dendritic cells, in myositis, 161 162, 178 Dermatologic manifestations, of dermatomyositis, 145 148 Dermatomyositis amyopathic, 144, 147 148 antibodies in, 151 152 cardiac manifestations of, 148 149 definition of, 144 dermatologic manifestations of, 145 148 differential diagnosis of, 153 154 electromyography for, 153 epidemiology of, 143 144 gastrointestinal manifestations of, 150 151 imaging for, 153 in malignancy, 145 joint manifestations of, 145 juvenile, 145, 147
312 Index Dermatomyositis (continued) laboratory testing for, 151 MRI for, 247 248 muscle biopsy for, 151 muscular manifestations of, 144 overlap syndrome with, 145 paraneoplastic muscle disease in, 185 193 pathology of, 294 296 pathophysiology of, 159 171 pulmonary manifestations of, 149 150 Desmin-related myopathy, 280 Dexamethasone, myopathy due to, 303 304 3,4-Diaminopuridine, for Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, 237 Didanosine, myopathy due to, 223 224 Distal myopathies, 238 239 DNA analysis, for myopathies, 272 DNA sequencing, for myopathies, 274 275 Drug-induced muscle disease, 219 231 antimicrobials, 223 224 cardiovascular drugs, 219 222 gastrointestinal drugs, 224 neurologic drugs, 224 225 oncology drugs, 224 pathology of, 299 304 rheumatologic drugs, 222 223 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 234 235, 239, 241 243, 278 Dysferin defects, in muscular dystrophy, 235 236, 278 Dysphagia, in myositis, 150 151, 174 Dyspnea, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 149 150 Dystrophic myotonica protein kinase defects, in muscular dystrophy, 236 Dystrophin gene, deletions in, 278 Dystrophinopathies, 234 235, 239, 241 243 E Eaton-Lambert syndrome, paraneoplastic muscle disease in, 193 194 Edema, muscle in myositis, 153 MRI for, 248 Electrodes, for electromyography, 256 Electrodiagnostic testing. See also Electromyography. case presentation of, 265 266 limitations of, 253 muscle physiology and, 254 255 nerve conduction studies, 263 265 repetitive stimulation studies, 265 Electromyography, 256 263 complications of, 262 263 for dermatomyositis, 153 for inclusion body myositis, 175 for polymyositis, 153 limitations of, 253
Index 313 muscle physiology and, 254 255 sampling in, 256 single-fiber, 262 spontaneous activity evaluation in, 257 262 technical factors in, 263 voluntary activity evaluation in, 256 257 Emerin defects, in muscular dystrophy, 280 Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, 280 Encephalopathy, subacute necrotizing, 281 Endomysial inflammatory infiltrates in inclusion body myositis, 176 177, 297 298 in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 162, 295 296 Endoplasmic reticulum stress, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 165 End-plate spikes, in electromyography, 258 Enzyme replacement therapy, for Pompe disease, 241 Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions, in inclusion body myositis, 177 Erythema, in dermatomyositis, 145, 295 Esophageal weakness, in myositis, 150 151 Etanercept, for inclusion body myositis, 179 Ezetimibe, myopathy due to, 219 221 F Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 236, 238, 271, 279 280 Falling, in inclusion body myositis, 174 Fasciculation, in electromyography, 260 261 Fatty acid oxidation disorders, 211 213, 294 Fibric acid derivatives, myopathy due to, 219 221 Fibrillation, in electromyography, 258 259 Fluorescent in situ hybridization, for myopathies, 274 Fluvastatin, myopathy due to, 219 221 G Gastrointestinal drugs, myopathy due to, 224 Gastrointestinal manifestations, of myositis, 150 151 Gel electrophoresis, for myopathies, 274 275 Gemfibrozil, myopathy due to, 221 Gene therapy, for muscular dystrophy, 241 Genetic factors, in inclusion body myositis, 174 Glycogen metabolic disorders myopathies in, 208 211, 237 pathology of, 293 294 Glycogen phosphorylase deficiency, in Mc Cardle disease, 202, 206, 208, 293 Gottron papules, in dermatomyositis, 145, 295 Granzyme, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 162 Grouped discharge, in electromyography, 261 H Heart disorders in dermatomyositis, 148 149 in muscular dystrophy, 239 240, 242
314 Index Heliotrope rash, in dermatomyositis, 145, 294 295 Hematoma, MRI for, 246 Hemorrhage, muscle, MRI for, 249 250 Hereditary inclusion body myositis, 173 Hers disease (glycogen storage disease type VI), 208 High mobility group box 1 protein, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 162 164 Histidyl-tRNA synthetase, antibodies to, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 150, 160 Humoral immune response, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 160 161 Hydroxychloroquine, myopathy due to, 302 303 Hyperexcitability, peripheral nerve, in electromyography, 261 262 Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, 280 281 Hyperkeratosis, in dermatomyositis, 145, 147 Hypermobility, joint, in muscular dystrophy, 240 241 Hyperuricemia, in Mc Cardle disease, 208 Hypokalemic periodic paralysis, 280 281 Hypoventilation, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 149 150 Hypoxia, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 164 I Idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 150 Imatinib mesylate, myopathy due to, 224 Immune response, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis adaptive, 159 162 innate, 162 166 Immunoglobulin(s), intravenous, for inclusion body myositis, 179 Immunomodulators, myopathy due to, 222 223 Inclusion body myositis, 173 183 causes of, 299 clinical features of, 174 diagnosis of, 175, 299 differential diagnosis of, 175 176 electrodiagnostic findings in, 175 epidemiology of, 173 174 hereditary, 173 histopathology of, 176 177 laboratory findings in, 175 MRI for, 247 248 pathogenesis of, 177 178 pathology of, 297 299 terminology of, 173 treatment of, 178 179 Infections, after electromyography, 262 Infectious disease drugs, myopathy due to, 223 224 Inheritance, of myopathies, 271 Innate immune response, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 162 166 Insertional activity, in electromyography, 257 258 Interferons for inclusion body myositis, 179 in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 162 163 Interleukins, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 162 163 Interstitial lung disease, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 149 150
Index 315 intravenous, for inclusion body myositis, 179 Ion channel mutations, in myotonic muscular dystrophy, 280 281 Ischemia, muscle, MRI for, 249 Itraconazole, myopathy due to, 224 J Jo-1, antibodies to, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 150, 160 161 Joint disorders in dermatomyositis, 145 in muscular dystrophy, 240 241 in polymyositis, 145 Juvenile dermatomyositis, dermatologic manifestations of, 145, 147 K Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 214, 281, 292 293 Kennedy disease, 238 Ketoconazole, myopathy due to, 224 L Lactose hydrogenase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type XI), 211 Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, 237 Lamin A/C defects, in muscular dystrophy, 235, 278, 280 Lamivudine, myopathy due to, 223 224 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, 282 Leigh disease, 281, 292 293 Leuprolide, myopathy due to, 224 Levodopa, myopathy due to, 225 Limb girdle muscular dystrophy, 235 236, 241, 271, 278 Limb girdle weakness, 234 237 Lipid storage disorders, myopathies in, 237 Lipid-lowering agents, myopathy due to, 219 221 Long-chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency, 211 213 Lovastatin, myopathy due to, 219 221 M Mc Cardle disease (glycogen storage disease type V), 202, 206, 208, 293 Macrophages, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 161 162 Magnetic resonance imaging, 153 for dermatomyositis, 153 for muscle injury and disease, 245 251 for polymyositis, 153 Major histocompatibility complex molecules in inclusion body myositis, 174 in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 164 165 Malignancy clinical course of, 187, 189 dermatomyositis in, 145, 185 193 drugs for, myopathy due to, 224 Eaton-Lambert syndrome in, 193 194, 237
316 Index Malignancy (continued) evaluation for, 191 192 in amyopathic myopathy, 148 myasthenia gravis in, 194 necrotizing myopathy in, 193 pathogenesis of, 192 193 polymyositis in, 185 193 risk factors for, 189 191 stiff person syndrome in, 194 195 types of, 187 Malignant hyperthermia, antipsychotic-induced, 225 Mapping, chromosome, for myopathies, 272 274 Mechanic s hands, in dermatomyositis, 145 MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes), 282, 292 293 MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibers), 214, 282, 292 293 Metabolic myopathies, 201 217 categories of, 205, 208 classification of, 201 202 clinical features of, 204 diagnosis of, 205 207, 215 differential diagnosis of, 204 205 dynamic, 202 fatty acid oxidation disorders, 211 213, 294 metabolic pathways in, 201, 203 204 mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorders, 202, 207, 213 215, 281 282, 292 293 pathology of, 292 294 phenotypes of, 204 static, 202 Mevalonate, impaired synthesis of, 300 Miniature endplate potentials, in electromyography, 258 Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), 282, 292 293 Mitochondrial inheritance, of myopathies, 271 Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation disorders, 202, 207, 213 215, 281 282, 292 293 Mitoxantrone, myopathy due to, 224 Miyoshi myopathy, 239 Molecular diagnosis, of myopathies, 269 287 DNA investigations, 272 dystrophinopathies, 278 280 indications for, 275 282 known mutant detection, 272 275 laboratory investigations, 271 272 mitochondrial, 281 282 modes of inheritance and, 271 nondystrophic, 280 281 RNA investigations, 272 techniques for, 270 Motor neurons, physiology of, electrodiagnostic testing and, 254 255
Motor unit(s), physiology of, electrodiagnostic testing and, 254 255 Motor unit action potential, 255, 257 MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging. Multi-minicore disease, 239 240 Muscle(s) aches of, after electromyography, 262 biopsy of. See Biopsy, muscle. edema of, 153, 248 hemorrhage of, 249 250 hypertrophy of, in muscular dystrophy, 240 imaging of, 245 251 ischemia of, 249 necrosis of, 249, 295 296 physiology of, electrodiagnostic testing and, 254 255 trauma to, 249 250 Muscle relaxants, malignant hyperthermia due to, 225 Muscular dystrophies, 233 244 Becker, 234 235, 239, 241 243, 265 266, 278 clinical syndromes of, 234 241 craniobulbar weakness in, 238 diagnosis of, 234 Duchenne, 234 235, 239, 241 243, 278 dystrophinopathies, 234 235 Emery-Dreifuss, 280 facioscapulohumeral, 236, 238, 271, 279 280 inheritance of, 271 limb girdle, 234 237, 241, 271, 278 molecular diagnosis of, 278 280 myotonic, 236, 238, 240 241, 278 281 oculopharyngeal, 238, 280 treatment of, 241 243 versus distal myopathies, 238 239 versus neurologic conditions, 237 versus nondystrophic myopathies, 236 237 Myalgia in dermatomyositis, 144 in polymyositis, 144 Myasthenia gravis myopathies in, 237 238 paraneoplastic muscle disease in, 194 D-penicillamine-induced, 301 Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, 294 Myocardial disorders, in dermatomyositis, 148 149 Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibers (MERRF), 214, 282, 292 293 Myofibrillar myopathy, 239, 280 Myoglobinuria, in Mc Cardle disease, 208 Myokymia, in electromyography, 261 Myopathy(ies) autoimmune necrotizing, 154 155 Bethlem, 240 241 central core, 240 241 Index 317
318 Index Myopathy(ies) (continued) dermatomyositis. See Dermatomyositis. desmin-related, 280 distal, 238 239 drug-induced, 219 231, 299 304 dystrophic. See Muscular dystrophies. electrophysiologic studies for, 253 268 imaging for, 245 251 in ion channel defects, 280 281 in neurologic diseases, 233 244 inclusion body myositis. See Inclusion body myositis. metabolic, 201 217, 292 294 mitochondrial, 202, 207, 281 282, 292 293 Miyoshi, 239 molecular diagnosis of, 269 287 myofibrillar, 239, 280 necrotizing, 193 nemaline, 239, 280 Nonaka, 239 nondystrophic, 236 237 paraneoplastic, 185 200, 237 pathology of, 289 308 polymyositis. See Polymyositis. Udd, 238 Welander, 238 Myositis. See also Dermatomyositis; Inclusion body myositis; Polymyositis. MRI for, 246 248 Myositis-associated autoantibodies, 151 152, 295 Myositis-specific autoantibodies, 151 152 Myotilin defects, in muscular dystrophy, 235 236 Myotonia, in electromyography, 260 Myotonic muscular dystrophy, 236, 238, 240 241, 278 281 N Nail fold telangiectasia, in dermatomyositis, 145 Nebulin defects, in myopathies, 280 Necrosis, muscle in dermatomyositis, 295 296 MRI for, 249 Necrotizing encephalopathy, subacute, 281 Necrotizing myopathy autoimmune, 154 155 paraneoplastic muscle disease in, 193 Needles, in electromyography, 256 Nemaline myopathy, 239, 280 Nerve conduction studies, 263 265 Nerve injury, MRI for, 249 Neurologic drugs, myopathy due to, 224 225 Neuromuscular junction disorders, myopathies in, 237 Neuromyotonia, in electromyography, 262
Index 319 Niacin, myopathy due to, 219 221 Nonaka myopathy, 239 Nonsynthetase autoantibodies, 152 O Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, 238, 280 Omeprazole, myopathy due to, 224 Oncology drugs, myopathy due to, 224 Optic neuropathy, Leber hereditary, 282 Overlap syndrome, dermatomyositis with, 145 P Paramyotonic congenita, 280 Paraneoplastic muscle disease, 185 200 dermatomyositis, 185 193 Eaton-Lambert syndrome, 193 194, 237 epidemiology of, 186 188 myasthenia gravis in, 194 necrotizing myopathy, 193 polymyositis, 185 193 stiff person syndrome, 194 195 types of cancer in, 187 D-Penicillamine, myopathy due to, 223, 300 301 Perforin, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 162 Pericardial tamponade, in dermatomyositis, 149 Perifascicular atrophy, in dermatomyositis, 151, 295 296 Periodic paralysis, in channelopathies, 280 281 Peripheral neuropathy colchicine-induced, 301 302 electromyography for, 260 262 in inclusion body myositis, 174 nerve conduction studies for, 263 265 Periungual erythema, in dermatomyositis, 145 Phenytoin, myopathy due to, 224 225 Phosphofructokinase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type VII), 202, 206, 208, 293 Phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency, 209 210 Phosphoglycerate mutase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type X), 210 Phosphorylase b kinase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type IXd), 202, 208 209 Pityriasis rubra polaris-like lesions, in dermatomyositis, 147 Plasma cells, in myositis, 161 162, 178 Pneumomediastinum, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 150 Pneumonia aspiration, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 149 150 idiopathic nonspecific interstitial, 150 Poikiloderma, in dermatomyositis, 147 Polyadenylate binding protein 2 defects, in muscular dystrophy, 280 Polymerase chain reaction, for myopathies, 272 Polymyositis, 143 158 antibodies in, 151 152
320 Index Polymyositis (continued ) definition of, 144 differential diagnosis of, 153 154 electromyography for, 153 epidemiology of, 143 144 gastrointestinal manifestations of, 150 151 imaging for, 153 joint manifestations of, 145 laboratory testing for, 151 MRI for, 247 248 muscle biopsy for, 151 muscular manifestations of, 144 paraneoplastic muscle disease in, 185 193 pathology of, 296 297 pathophysiology of, 159 171 pulmonary manifestations of, 149 150 Polyphasia, in electromyography, 257 Pompe disease (glycogen storage disease type type II), 208, 237, 241, 293 Positive pressure ventilatory support, for muscular dystrophy, 242 Positive sharp waves, in electromyography, 259 Potassium disorders, periodic paralysis in, 280 281 Pravastatin, myopathy due to, 219 221 Procainamide, myopathy due to, 222 Prostaglandin E synthase, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 163 Protein misfolding, in inclusion body myositis, 178 Proton pump inhibitors, myopathy due to, 224 Pruritus, in dermatomyositis, 145 146 Psychiatric drugs, myopathy due to, 224 225 Pulmonary manifestations, of polymyositid and dermatomyositis, 149 150 PYGM gene mutations, in Mc Cardle disease, 208 R Radiography, for muscle injury and disease, 245 Ranitidine, myopathy due to, 224 Rash, heliotrope, in dermatomyositis, 145, 294 295 Raynaud phenomenon, in dermatomyositis, 147 Recruitment, in electromyography, 257 Repetitive discharges, complex, in electromyography, 259 260 Repetitive stimulation, 265 Respiratory muscle weakness, in muscular dystrophy, 240 242 Restriction fragment length polymorphism, for myopathies, 272 Retinoic acid, myopathy due to, 224 Rhabdomyolysis MRI for, 249 statin-induced, 221, 300 Rheumatologic drugs, myopathy due to, 222 223 Rimmed vacuoles, in inclusion body myositis, 176 177, 298 Ritonavir, myopathy due to, 224 RNA analysis, for myopathies, 272 Ryanodine receptor defects, in myopathies, 280
Index 321 S Sarcoglycan defects, in muscular dystrophy, 235 Scintigraphy, for muscle injury and disease, 245 Selenoprotein, in myopathies, 280 Sequencing, for myopathies, 274 275 Sharp waves, positive, in electromyography, 259 Shawl sign, in dermatomyositis, 145 Simvastatin, myopathy due to, 219 221 Single-fiber electromyography, 262 Small nuclear rnp antibodies, 152 Sodium channel defects, in muscular dystrophy, 280 281 Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, 238, 272 Spontaneous muscle activity, evaluation of, electromyography, 257 262 Sporadic inclusion body myositis. See Inclusion body myositis. Statins, myopathy due to, 154 155, 204, 219 221, 299 300 Stiff person syndrome, paraneoplastic muscle disease in, 194 195 Sun sensitivity, in dermatomyositis, 146 Survival motor neuron gene deletions, myopathies in, 237 Synthetase, antibodies to, 152 T T lymphocytes, in myositis, 161 162, 178, 296 T tubules, physiology of, electrodiagnostic testing and, 254 255 Tacrolimus, myopathy due to, 223 TAR DNA-binding protein-43, in inclusion body myositis, 298 299 Tarui disease (glycogen storage disease type VII), 202, 206, 208 209, 293 Telangiectasia, in dermatomyositis, 145 Telethonin defects, in muscular dystrophy, 235 236 Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis, for myopathies, 274 275 Tenofovir, myopathy due to, 224 Thymidine kinase defects, 214 Titin defects, in muscular dystrophy, 235 236 Trauma, muscle, MRI for, 249 250 Triamcinolone, myopathy due to, 303 304 Trifunctional protein deficiency, 211 213 Tropomyosin defects, in myopathies, 280 Troponin defects, in myopathies, 280 Tumor necrosis factor-a, in polymyositis and dermatomyositis, 162 U Udd distal myopathy, 238 Ultrasonography for dermatomyositis, 153 for muscle injury and disease, 245 for polymyositis, 153 V V sign, in dermatomyositis, 145 Valproic acid, myopathy due to, 224 225
322 Index Vasculitis, in dermatomyositis, 147 Ventilation support, for muscular dystrophy, 242 Very long-chain acyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency, 211 213 Vincristine, myopathy due to, 224 Vitamin B6, for Mc Cardle disease, 208 Voluntary muscle activity, evaluation of, electromyography for, 256 257 von Gierke disease (glycogen storage disease type I), 208 W Weakness craniobulbar, 238 in dermatomyositis, 144 in inclusion body myositis, 174 176 in muscular dystrophy, 233 244 in polymyositis, 144 limb girdle, 234 237 Welander distal myopathy, 238 Z Zalcitabine, myopathy due to, 223 224 Zidovudine, myopathy due to, 223 224, 301