Fertility Preservation: Who, What, Why, When and How Glenn L. Schattman, MD Associate Professor The Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility Weill Medical College of Cornell University Disclosure Information Has no relationships to disclose Will be discussing or referring to unapproved therapeutic strategies and will clearly state that when being discussed Educational Objectives Improved Survival Rates Review guidelines regarding fertility preservation Review the effect of treatments on ovarian reserve Discuss current fertility preservation options Review success rates for: ~ Oocyte cryopreservation ~ Embryo cryopreservation ~ Ovarian tissue cryopreservation Novel protocols for random start stimulations The Alliance for Fertility Preservation/Fertility Scout 2/3 of children/adolescents survive malignancies Survival rates for acute lymphoblastic leukemias are approximately 75% Survival rates after lymphoma treatment are approximately 85-90% Survival rates for early stage invasive breast cancers >80% Cancer Statistics If current trends continue, there will be 22 million new cases of cancer worldwide each year by 2030. 1 ~ 1 in 10 cancer cases occur in adults of reproductive age (25-49 yrs) 2 ~ 2.2 million new cases yearly in adults of reproductive age by 2030 ~ Almost 32.5 million people diagnosed with cancer within the past five years were alive at the end of 2012 1 US projected survivorship for 2020 is 18.1 million patients 3 ~ 5-year survival rate for patients < 45 years is 81.1% 4 Fertility Preservation is Important to Patients 76% of young cancer survivors ( 35 years at time of diagnosis) without children indicate they want to have children in the future 1 31% of survivors with 1 child indicate they would like to have another child in the future 1 1. Cancer Research UK. Worldwide Cancer Key Facts. http://publications.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/statsworldwide. Accessed 25 October 2013. 2. Adams E. British Journal of Cancer; (2013)108,1 602 1615 3. Mariotto AB et al. Projections of the Cost of Cancer Care in the U.S.: 2010-2020. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011 Jan. http://costprojections.cancer.gov/ 4. National Cancer Institute (2004-2010 report); http://seer.cancer.gov/expsurvival/ 1. Schover LR. Cancer 1999; 86(4); 697-709. 09/14/2018 1 1
Web-Based Survey: Young Breast Cancer Survivors 657 Respondents Mean age at diagnosis- 32.9 years 72 % discussed fertility concerns with MD prior to starting treatment Only 51% felt their concerns were adequately addressed Future fertility affected treatment decision for 29% of respondents Partridge AH et al. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:4174 Guidelines for Fertility Preservation ASCO 2006, 2013 ~ All oncologists should be prepared to discussed infertility as a risk of treatment ~ Discussion should occur as soon as diagnosis is made and before treatment starts ~ Refer patients who express interest in FP, even ambivalent, to a reproductive specialist ASRM 2005, 2008, 2013 ~ Oocyte/embryo cryopreservation recommended for patients facing infertility due to chemotherapy ~ Should no longer be considered experimental Lee, SJ, et al JCO 2006 Loren A, et al ASCO guidelines JCO 2013 ASRM Practice Committee Clinical Guidelines, Recommendations, Policy Statements & Opinions Association of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Nurses (APHON) Evidence-Based Recommendation 2014 1 ~ Appropriate fertility preservation options should be made available prior to initiation of cancer treatment. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2006 3, revised 2013 4 ~ Oncologists should address the possibility of infertility and be prepared to discuss FP options or refer to reproductive endocrinologists as early as possible. American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement 2008 6 ~ Oncologists have a responsibility to inform parents and ageappropriate patients about the likelihood that cancer treatment will permanently affect their fertility. 1. Fernbach A et al. J Pediatric Oncology Nursing 2014 vol. 31: 211-22 2. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2014;101:1237 43. 3. Lee SJ, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2917-2931. 4. Loren AW et al. J Clin Oncol.;epub ahead of print. http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/early/2013/05/24/jco.2013.49.2678.full.pdf+html. Accessed June 12, 2013. 5. Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Fertil Steril. 2013;100:1224 1231. 6. Preservation of Fertility in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients With Cancer Fallat ME, Hutter J. Pediatrics 2008;121;e1461. 7. Kim SS, et al. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2012;29:465 468 Ovarian tissue cryopreservation: a committee opinion American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) 2014 2 Ovarian tissue cryopreservation may be the only option available to prepubertal girls, yet is still considered to be experimental. ASRM Ethics Committee Opinion 2013 5 Physicians should inform patients about FP options prior to treatment International Society for Fertility Preservation 2012 7 Fertility issues should be addressed to all patients of reproductive age before cancer treatment. Are We Getting Better? 344 survey responses (32%) ~ Heme onc, med onc, radiation onc 50% confident in their knowledge of FP options Most received their information from scientific literature <25% reported knowledge of new IVF protocols Only 24% knew about mature oocyte cryopreservation 18% aware of ovarian tissue cryopreservation Fellowships in oncology should include training on education and counselling for young cancer patients on fertility related to treatment Duffy C et al. J Canc Educ 2012;27:369 SPARE Study Nationwide survey ~ 44% familiar with ASCO guidelines ~ All patients should be offered a fertility consultation ~ 85% refer pubertal male patients for sperm banking >50% of the time ~ 12% referred female pubertal patients >50% of the time ~ 45% not aware of ICSI ~ Not aware of time required for IVF cycle ~ No real change in practice patterns Kohler T, et al J Assist Reprod Genet 2011;28:269 Oncofertility Guideline Adherence - National Survey Data 1 only 47% of oncologists routinely refer patients to a reproductive endocrinologist 1 Referral Pattern notable reasons for not referring 2 : o perception that patients were too ill to delay transplant (63%) o patients were already infertile from prior therapy (92%) o time constraints (41%) 1. Forman EJ et al. Fertil Steril. 2010;94:1652-1656 2. Loren et al. Bone Marrow Transplant; 2013 August ; 48(8): 1091 1097 09/14/2018 2 2
Alliance for Fertility Preservation ASCO: New Guidelines? 501c3 charitable organization Professionals in oncology, reproductive endocrinology, research, bioethics, research, reproductive law Leaders in sub-specialty of fertility preservation Our Mission: To Increase information, resources and access to fertility preservation for cancer patients and the healthcare professionals who treat them. 61 publications identified ~ None prompted a significant change from 2013 guidelines When proven fertility preservation methods are not feasible, in young women with breast cancer, GnRHa may be offered Ovarian tissue cryo is advancing and may evolve to become SOC ~ Safety in leukemia patients needs further study Fertility Preservation in patients with cancer. JCO 2018;36:1 Strategies to Preserve Fertility Age & Fertility Oophoropexy (+IVM) C R M I Kim S, et al Fertil Steril 2006;85:1. de Bruin and te Velde (2004) Ovarian Reserve Chemotherapy: Cytotoxic agents according to gonadotoxicity GnRH GnRH Most severe FSH Estradiol Inhibin ß AMH OCP s Recent Stimulation Systemic disease FSH Estradiol Inhibin ß AMH Cyclophosphamide Chlorambucil Melphalan Busulfan Nitrogen mustard Procarbazine Cisplatin Adriamycin Least severe Methotrexate 5-Fluorouracil Vincristine Bleomycin Actinomycin D Moore JCO 2008/9 09/14/2018 3 3
Ovarian Effects of Chemotherapy: Burn Out theory Destruction of primordial follicles ~Granulosa cell apoptosis Decrease in factors inhibiting PF recruitment (i.e. AMH, etc) Increased recruitment and depletion of PF pool Increase in developing:pf ratio Philosof-Kalich L et al ESHRE 2009 Rosendahl M et al Fertil Steril 2010;94:156 Meirow, D Clin Obstet Gyn 53(4):727 Female Gonadotoxicity Ovarian Failure Post Breast Cancer Treatment Breast cancer: chemotherapy-associated amenorrhea rate (A = doxorubicin; C = cylophosphamide; E = epirubicin; F = 5-fluorouraciI; M = methotrexate (modified according to [39]) Age (years) Chemotherapy Rate of amenorrhoea (%) >40 6 x CMF, 6 x FEC, 6 x FAC >80 (High risk) <40 High-dose EC 30-39 6 x CMF, 6 x FEC, 6 x FAC 20-80 (Moderate risk) >40 4 x AC <30 6 x CMF, 6 x FEC, 6 x FAC <20 (Low risk) <40 4 x AC Risk of gonadal damage related to age of patient, type of chemotherapeutic agent and total dose. Insufficient data: taxanes, monoclonal antibodies, avastin (bevacizumab), lapatinib, herceptin (trastuzumab), and gemzar (gemcitabine) Von Wolff M., Montag M et al Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;284:427-435. Ovarian Failure Post Lymphoma Treatment Treatment Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL) ABVD <10% BEACOPP 50% MOPP 20-50% Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) CHOP 5% Hyper- 14% CVAD HSCT 70-100% 70-100% ABVD, adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine; BEACOPP, bleomycin, etoposide, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, oncovin, procarbazine, prednisone; CHOP, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone; Hyper-CVAD, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, dexamethasone, cytarabine, methotrexate; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplant; MOPP, chlormethamine, oncovine: procarbazine, prednisone Ovarian Reserve after Chemo FSH declined at 9M, but still remained elevated (~24IU/L) Alkylating agents associated with lowest AMH values post Rx Pre-RX AMH predicted post-rx values Rosendahl M Fertil Steril 2010;94:156 ISFP Practice Committee. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2012;29:465-468 Fig 1. Probability of menopause during the first year after diagnosis Gonadotoxic Therapy Accelerates Oocyte Loss and Potentially Compromises Quality C R M I Goodwin, P. J. et al. J Clin Oncol; 17:2365 1999 adapted from: Mierow D, Biederman H, Anderson RA, Wallace WHB. Toxicity of chemotherapy and radiation on female reproduction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010;53:727-739. Two potential scenarios with gonadotoxic therapy o near complete primordial follicle depletion, resulting in acute ovarian failure fertility preservation must be undertaken prior to treatment o moderate primordial follicle depletion resulting in reduced fertility/premature menopause fertility preservation may be warranted before treatment; fertility is preserved for some time after treatment 09/14/2018 4 4
1-5 yrs 6-10 yrs >11 yrs Di Paola et al. The Oncologist. 2013;18:1307 1314 Female Gonadotoxicity Diminished Reserve with Low Gonadotoxic Treatments Hormonal parameters and antral follicle count in relation to gonadotoxicity of the therapeutic regimen and the time since therapy patients stratified by gonadotoxicty of therapy and time elapsed even low gonadotoxic therapies significantly impact reserve years after treatment anti-mullerian hormone and AFC more sensitive markers of ovarian reserve FSH, unless markedly elevated, not sensitive Post-chemotherapy Outcomes Post-chemotherapy Group (n=22) Cycles=38 Pre-chemotherapy Group (n=29) Cycles=38 Age at chemo (yrs) * 28.4 1.6 N/A Age at stimulation (yrs) * 35.7 0.9 36.5 0.8 Breast cancer 13 28 Lymphomas 4 1 Leukemias 3 0 Synovial sarcoma 1 0 Squamous cell carcinoma 1 0 Chemotherapy Alkylating agents 16 N/A Nonalkylating agents 6 N/A * ±SEM Azim et al ASRM 2006 Post-chemotherapy Outcomes Post-chemotherapy Group (38 cycles) Pre-chemotherapy Group (38 cycles) Day 2 FSH (miu/ml) * 8.3 0.7 8.13 0.7 Day 2 E 2 (pg/ml) * 53.2 10.6 41.6 4.7 Day 2 AMH (ng/ml) * t 0.27 0.08 0.84 0.3 Total FSH dose (U) * 2329 237 1659 108 E 2 (pg/ml) on hcg day * 546 98 735 106 Stimulation Protocol Aromatase Inhibitor-FSH 21 24 FSH/GnRH Antagonist 8 3 Tamoxifen-FSH 2 3 GnRH Agonist FSH 3 0 Natural Cycle 4 0 t =p< 0.05, x± SEM Azim et al ASRM 2006 Post-chemotherapy Outcomes IVF cycles post-chemotherapy (n=38) IVF cycles pre-chemotherapy (n=38) Cycles with retrieval (%) 28(73.7) 32 (84.2%) Cycles with ET (%) 17(44.7) N/A Oocytes retrieved (%) * t 4.68 0.9 11.8 1.4 Mature oocytes * t 3.78 0.8 8.5 1 Oocytes fertilized * t 2.9 0.7 7.0 0.9 Embryos transferred 0.9 0.2 N/A Implantation rate (%) 15.2 N/A Clinical preg./cycle (%) 5 (13.2) N/A Ongoing/delivered preg./cycle (%) 3 (7.9) N/A t = p< 0.0001; x± SEM Azim et al ASRM 2006 Embryo Biopsy 09/14/2018 5 5
Random Start Ovarian Stimulation FSH HMG Random Start GnRH Ant. GnRHa or hcg Ret/ Cryo Doyle F&S 2015 C R M I Gonadotropin Dependent (Exponential) Growth Phase Current Trial: Titrated Letrozole Protocol Ovidrel Retrieval Antagonist?Antagonist Gonadotropins Letrozole - sliding scale 2.5-7.5 mg/d E2 Random start 3 5 7 9 11 C R M I Serial ultrasounds Relapse Free Survival: Ovarian Stimulation and Control Groups Letrozole Protocol vs. Elective Oocyte Cryopreservation Luteal Starts Relapse free survival (%) 100 90 80 70 60 Letrozole goup (L) 50 Control group (C) p=0.36, HR=0.56 40 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 Time (months) Number of patients at risk L 79 74 37 18 7 5 C C R M 136 I 81 56 38 26 19 Pereira N et al 2015 09/14/2018 6 6
Ovarian Suppression for Chemotherapy Induced POF Meta-analysis (2014) highly significant reduction in the risk of POF when patients receive GnRHa (OR = 0.43; CI: 0.22 0.84; p = 0.013) significant heterogeneity across included studies (I 2 = 55.8%; p = 0.012) 1. Del Mastro, et al. Cancer Treatment Reviews 40 (2014) 675 683 JCO 2018, 36, 1994-2001. Ovarian Cortical Freezing Ovarian Tissue Transplantation 41 women, 53 transplantation procedures 32 desired pregnancy, 42 transplant procedures Mean age at time of harvest- 29.8 One ovary removed ~Risk of ovarian failure >50% ~Age < 35 ~>50% 5 year survival Jensen AK, et al Human Reprod 2015;30:2838 Demographics Outcomes Mean age at transplant- 32.9 ~1/3 breast cancer ~45% of tissue transplanted 1 st procedure (9.5 pieces) ~More tissue transplanted due to low AMH Orthotopic transplant - 15 Orthotopic and heterotopic 14 Mixed sites Jensen AK, et al Human Reprod 2015;30:2838 24 clinical pregnancies 14 children to 10 women 8 pregnancies- Natural conceptions 6 pregnancies IVF PR/patient- 31% Jensen AK, et al Human Reprod 2015;30:2838 09/14/2018 7 7
Risk of Ovarian Metastasis Future Options ASCO and ASRM considers ovarian tissue cryopreservation/transplantation investigational 1,2 Low risk (<1%) 3 Intermediate 3 Wilms tumor Stage I-II breast CA Lobular Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Hodgkin disease Colorectal cancer Squamous cancer of cervix Ewings sarcoma Non-genital rhabdomyosarcoma Osteogenic Sarcoma Stage I-II ductal breast CA High risk (>10%) 3 Leukemia Neuroblastoma Cervical adenocarcinoma Stage III-IV breast cancer Genital rhabdomyosarcoma 1. Loren AW, Mangu PB, Beck LN, et al. Fertility preservation for patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Jul 1;31(19):2500-10. 2. Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril. 2014;101:1237 43 3. Oktay K, Buyuk E. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2004;113(Suppl 1):S45-S47. Pregnancy Outcomes in Cancer Survivors ASCO Guidelines: Summary No increased risks of congenital malformations, genetic diseases, malignant neoplasms in children born to cancer survivors remote from therapy 1-3 Safe interval between chemo and oocyte/embryo cryopreservation unknown: ~ Growing eggs and sperm may be damaged by chemo and radiation, but appear to repair within six months to two years 4 ~ Human pregnancy outcome for more recent exposures unknown, animal data suggest increased risk of SAB/birth defects 5 Guidelines for attempting pregnancy ~ Optimal time unknown ~ Two year wait time after treatment recommended 6 1. Green DM et al., Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(4):1070-1080. 2. Green DM, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(4)716-721. 3. Winther JF et al. Am J Hum Genet. 2004;74(6):1282-1285. 4. De Mas P et al. Hum Reprod. 2001;16(6):1204-1208. 5. Meirow D et al, Hum Reprod. 2001;16:632-637. 6. Jensen J. et al. Mayo Clin Proc.2011;86(1):45-49 People with cancer are interested in discussing fertility preservation Oncologic HCP should be prepared to discuss infertility or refer HCP s should refer patients as early as possible Encourage patients to participate in registries and studies Refer patients to psychosocial providers if distressed about infertility ASCO Guidelines: Summary Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation are proven methods Flexible stimulation approaches reduce delay to treatment Ovarian transposition for pelvic RT Fertility sparing surgeries when applicable (Trachelectomy) *Ovarian suppression may be offered when proven methods are not feasible- should NOT be used in place of proven methods *Ovarian tissue cryo still experimental- emerging data may prompt reconsideration of this designation Need to confirm if safe for leukemia patients 09/14/2018 8 8