1 1,2 1,2 1,2 (A). (cytokine and chemokines) TNF- IL-1 IL-1ra IL-6 IL-10 IL- 8 (B). Arachadonic acid PLA2 LTB4 (C). protein C PAI-1 Thrombomodulin IL-1 IL-6 IL-10 IL-8 PAI-1 ARDS protein C IL-1 IL-8 PLA2 LTB4 protein C PAI-1 (A). pulmonary edema protein rate of protein clearance (B). ET-1 VWF (C). Surfactant protein A Surfactant protein D KL-6 (D). Neutrophil elastase MMPs Nitrate and Nitrite TGF- (E). PCP VWF Surfactant D KL-6 TGF- PCP ET-1 VWF Surfactant A KL-6 MMP-9 Nitrite TGF- ALI 112 201 02-2871-2121 309002-2875-2380 E-mail: kyyang@vghtpe.gov.tw 2 113
5 1-3 ALI Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ARDS 4 5-9 inactivation ARDS 50-60% 10,11 12 ARDS -1-8 -10 11-1 6 8 10 TNF- Selectins ARDS 12,13 ARDS The interaction of epithelium, endothelium, inflammatory cell and cytokines in ARDS ARDS The role of coagulation and ARDS Proinflammatory IL-1 TNF- IL-6 profibrotic TGF- CTGF connective tissue growth factor PDGF II 114
antifibrinolytic RNA Factor VII-activating protease-- FSAP procoagulant state fibrin degradation products recruitment Thrombin factor Xa TF-factor VIIa PAR-1 14 Biomarkers in ARDS ARDS biomarker BAL I. Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid ALI ARDS 15-17 7 14 18,19 15 4 II. Markers of endothelial cell dysfunction -1 ET-1 20 19,21 von Willebrand 65% 15 559 ARDSNET III. Markers of epithelial cell dysfunction transdifferentiate 5-10% 4 SP-A, -B, -C, and -D SP-A and SP-D 22 23 115
pulmonary epithelial mucin KL-6, muc-1 KL-6 23,24 IV. Inflammatory cell-derived mediators 19 Neutrophil elastase NE 25 Matrix metalloproteases metalloendopeptidases MMP-9 26 Reactive oxygen species superoxide hydrogen peroxide hydroxyl radicals 27 byproducts nitrate/ nitrite hydrostatic edema 19 TGF- 28 V. Markers of fibroblasts and of collagen synthesis alveoli-capillary unit remoldering Pro-collagen peptide III PCP III PCP III 29 VI. Early release cytokines and chemokines Cytokines/chemokines TNF- TNF- TNF decoy TNF- 30,31 IL-1 IL-1 IL-1 IL-1ra 32 IL-1 /IL-1ra 31,33,34 IL-6 35 IL-10 T sensitization 700 ARDSnet low tidal volume ventilation trial IL-6 IL-10 36 Chemokines G- recruitment CXC chemokines ELR motif glutamylleucylarginine 116
VII. A2 Phospholipase A2 and leukotrienes Phospholipase A2 PLA2 arachidonic acid LTB4 LTC4 LTD4 LTE4 LTB4 LTB4 14 pmol/ml 37 VIII. Markers of coagulation cascade - 38,39-1 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 PAI-1 17 Protein C thrombomodulin protein C 40 Further applications of biomarkers in ARDS 1 ARDS 24-48 -- 2 7 7 14 41 ARDS 2 ARDS 3 ARDS ARDS 01. Cohen J. The immunopathogenesis of sepsis. Nature 2002;420:885-891. 02. Angus DC, Wax RS. Epidemiology of sepsis: an update. Crit Care Med 2001;29:S109-S116. 03. Brun-Buisson C. The epidemiology of the systemic inflammatory response. Intensive Care Med 2000;26: S64-S74. 04. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions,mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149:818-824. 05. Weinacker AB, Vaszar LT. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: physiology and new management strategies. Annu Rev Med 2001;52:221-237. 06. Tasaka S, Hasegawa N, Ishizaka A. Pharmacology of acute lung injury. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2002;15:83-95. 117
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BIOMARKERS IN ACUTE LUNG INJURY Chien-Yu Huang 1, Kuang-Yao Yang 1,2, Yu-Chin Lee 1,2, Reury-Perng Perng 1,2 Abstract Acute lung injury(ali) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are lifethreatening disorders that could be resulted from various conditions that directly or indirectly injure the lung. Because these patients develop severe and progressive pulmonary gas exchange impairments and pulmonary mechanical dysfunction which cause high morbidity and mortality (>40%), numerous biomarkers for ALI have been researched. These biomarkers can be used not only to differentiate other diseases which mimic ALI, evaluate the severity of ALI, but also predict the mortality. Update biomarkers include early release cytokines and chemokines (TNF-, IL-1, IL-1ra, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-8), phospholipase A2 and leukotrienes, inflammatory cell-derived mediators (neutrophil elastase, MMPs, Nitrate and Nitrite, TGF- ), markers of coagulation pathway (protein C, PAI-1, Thrombomodulin), markers of endothelial cell dysfunction (ET-1, VWF), markers of broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (pulmonary edema protein, rate of protein clearance), markers of epithelial cell dysfunction (surfactant protein A, surfactant protein D, KL-6), markers of fibroblasts and of collagen synthesis (PCP III). Of these biomarkers, VWF, surfactant D, KL-6, TGF- and PCP III are related to the prognosis and mortality of ALI. Besides, ET-1, VWF, surfactant A, KL-6, MMP-9, Nitrite, TGF- are predictable for ALI development. In addition, IL- 1, IL-8, PLA2, LTB4, protein C, PAI-1 can also be used to differentiate ALI and cardiogenic pulmlonary edema. In conclusion, biomarkers will serve as prognostic measures of ALI and deserve further exploration in the future. Key words: Acute lung injury, Biomarker, Cytokine, BAL fluid Correspondence: Dr. Kuang-Yao Yang Department of Chest, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Sec. 2, Shih-Pai Road, Taipei, Taiwan Phone: 886-2-2871-2121 ext 3090; Fax: 886-2-2875-2380; Email: kyyang@vghtpe.gov.tw School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University 2 120