Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A ACC/AHA. See American College of Cardiology/ ACE inhibitors. See Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 2013 cholesterol guidelines of, 182 186. See also 2013 American College of Cardiology/ cholesterol guidelines Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors LDL C persons, 302 Antiplatelet therapy LDL C persons, 301 302 Antiretroviral therapy (ART) in dyslipidemia management in HIV patients statin interactions with, 286 switching drugs in, 293 in HIV management, 279 Apheresis LDL in FH management, 174 175 lipoprotein, 197 208. See also Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) Apolipoprotein(s) alteration by LA, 201 203 ART. See Antiretroviral therapy (ART) ASCVD. See Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) Atherogenesis accelerated in hypertriglyceridemia mechanisms of, 311 312 Atherogenic cholesterol in patient-centered dyslipidemia, 186 187 Atherogenic dyslipidemia, 312 313 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) assessment of in patient-centered dyslipidemia, 187 188 hypertriglyceridemia vs. association and causation, 311 313 new cholesterol guidelines in, 181 196 Cardiol Clin 33 (2015) 335 340 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8651(15)00024-7 0733-8651/15/$ see front matter Ó 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. B ACC/AHA, 182 186. See also 2013 American College of Cardiology/ cholesterol guidelines prevention of hypertriglyceridemia management in, 309 323. See also Hypertriglyceridemia,, in ASCVD prevention risk assessment for, 192 193 b-blockers LDL C persons, 302 303 Bile acid sequestrants 291 Breastfeeding dyslipidemia in women who are recommendations for, 222 C Cardiac rehabilitation LDL C persons, 301 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) atherosclerotic new cholesterol guidelines in, 181 196. See also Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) HCV and, 278 279 risk factors for in pregnancy, 210 211 Cholestatic liver disease statin use in patients with, 261 262 Cholesterol atherogenic in patient-centered dyslipidemia, 186 187 fetal development effects of, 209 210 HDL. See High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL C) LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) cardiology.theclinics.com
336 Index Cholesterol (continued ) 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines in, 182 186. See also 2013 American College of Cardiology/ cholesterol guidelines Cognition statin effects on, 245 256. See also Statin(s), cognitive side effects of Cognitive impairment defined, 246 statins and, 245 256 implications for iatrogenesis, 246 247 Contraception 224 227 combined oral contraceptives, 226 lipid challenges related to, 226 non combined oral contraceptive methods, 226 227 IUDs, 226 227 permanent sterilization, 227 progestin only, 227 CVD. See Cardiovascular disease (CVD) D Diabetes statins and, 233 243. See also Statin(s), diabetes related to Diet prevention, 318 Dyslipidemia atherogenic, 312 313 in HIV patients, 279 291 ART in switching drugs, 293 bile acid sequestrants in, 291 history and physical examination in, 284 intestinal absorption inhibitors in, 287 laboratory evaluation in, 284 lifestyle modification in, 284 lipid targets in, 281 282 measures of residual risk in, 284 niacin in, 287, 290 291 nonstatin drugs in, 287 291 risk stratification and scores related to, 279 281 statins in, 284 287. See also Statin(s), in dyslipidemia management, in HIV patients patient-centered 2014 NLA recommendations for, 186 190. See also 2014 National Lipid Association (NLA) in pregnancy, 209 215 cholesterol and fetal development, 209 210 E CVD risk factors and, 210 211 detection, management, and treatment of, 218 222 monitoring with, 220 221 optimum strategies for, 218 220 fetal considerations, 211 212 introduction, 209 long-term complications of, 222 223 PCOS, 222 224 contraception issues, 224 227. See also Contraception, dyslipidemia in pregnancy related PCOS and screening for, 223 treatment of, 223 224 unique challenges related to, 224 maternal considerations, 212 213 postpartum considerations, 213 214, 325 333 introduction, 325 mortality related to, 327 prevalence of, 325 327 treatment of, 327 330 lifestyle modification in, 329 330 overview of, 327 risk stratification variables and, 327 328 statin response variation and, 328 329 in women who are breastfeeding recommendations for, 222 Ezetimibe 287 F Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), 169 179 described, 169 diagnosis of, 171 evaluation of, 170 172 genetic testing in, 172, 269 272 risk assessment tools in, 172 screening strategies in, 170 171 genetic testing in, 172, 269 272 current clinical criteria, 269 in improving diagnostic accuracy, 269 271 screening-related, 271 treatment-related, 271 272 genetics of, 169 170 in HIV patients, 292 293 homozygous treatment of, 175 176 introduction, 169 170 pathophysiology of, 169 in pregnancy monitoring and treatment of, 221 222
Index 337 prevalence of, 170 prognosis of, 172 treatment of, 172 177 combination therapy in, 173 174 complications of, 176 177 drugs in development, 177 homozygous-related, 175 176 LDL apheresis in, 174 175 lifestyle and noncholesterol risk factor modification in, 172 pharmacologic, 172 173 resistance to, 176 177 surgical, 176 Fenofibrate prevention randomized clinical trials, 313 314 Fetus development of cholesterol effects on, 209 210 FH. See Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) Fibrate(s) in hypertriglyceridemia management in HIV patients, 291 292 Fish oil in hypertriglyceridemia management in HIV patients, 292 Futura for LA, 198 199 G Genetic testing in FH evaluation, 172, 269 272. See also Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), genetic testing in in hyperlipidemia, 267 275. See also Hyperlipidemia, genetic testing in H HCV. See Hepatitis C (HCV) HDL C. See High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL C) Hepatitis C (HCV) in HIV patients with dyslipidemia statins for, 286 statin use in patients with, 261 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL C) alteration by LA, 201 in HIV patients, 282 prevalence of, 326 HIV background of, 278 279 CVD risk related to, 278 279 lipid management in, 277 298. See also Lipid(s),, in HIV patients Hormone therapy in menopause transition, 227 230 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). See HIV Hypercholesterolemia familial, 169 179. See also Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) Hyperlipidemia genetic testing in, 267 275 current tests available for, 273 disadvantages of, 272 273 FH, 172, 269 272 hypertriglyceridemia, 272 introduction, 267 269 Hypertriglyceridemia accelerated atherogenesis in mechanisms of, 311 312 ASCVD vs. association and causation, 311 313 epidemiology of, 309 311 genetic testing in, 272 in HIV patients, 291 292 in ASCVD prevention, 309 323 current guidelines in, 317 318 diet and lifestyle modification in, 318 pharmacotherapy in, 319 320 secondary factors management in, 318 319 triglyceride level lowering medications in randomized clinical trials of, 313 317 pathophysiology of, 309 311 in pregnancy differential diagnosis and evaluation of, 220 I IMPROVE-IT study, 192, 241 IMProved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial (IMPROVE-IT) study, 192, 241 Intestinal absorption inhibitors 287 Intrauterine devices (IUDs) 226 227 IUDs. See Intrauterine devices (IUDs) J JUPITER. See Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER), 234 235
338 Index L LA. See Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) LDL apheresis. See Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis Lifestyle modification in dyslipidemia management in HIV patients, 284, 329 330 in FH management, 172 prevention, 318 LDL C persons, 301 Lipid(s) LDL cholesterol monitoring and, 193 194 in HIV patients, 277 298 ART for, 279 background of, 278 279 changes related to, 279 cost of drugs and coverage, 292 dyslipidemia and, 279 291. See also Dyslipidemia, in HIV patients, FH, 292 293 hypertriglyceridemia, 291 292 introduction, 277 278 monitoring and follow-up, 293 women s health considerations for, 217 231 introduction, 217 218 menopause transition, 227 230 in normal and abnormal pregnancies, 218 serum in contemporary era, 304 305 Lipoprotein(s) alteration by LA, 200 203 HDL C, 201 LDL, 200 201 Lipoprotein apheresis (LA), 197 208 adverse events associated with, 200 alternative uses, 204 apolipoproteins altered by, 201 203 billing and coding information for, 198 clinical benefit of, 200 complications of, 200 contraindications for, 200 criteria for, 197 198 inflammatory and other markers affected by, 203 introduction, 197 lipoproteins altered by, 200 203 LP(a) alteration by, 203 machines for approved in US, 198 200 Futura, 198 199 MAO3 Liposorber, 199 200 patient population qualifying for, 198 points of interest, 200 rheology and, 203 204 triglycerides altered by, 201 203 Liver statins in FH management effects on, 176 177 Liver disease cholestatic statin use in patients with, 261 262 statin use in patients with, 257 265. See also Statin(s), in patients with liver disease Liver transplantation statin use in patients undergoing, 262 263 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) alteration by LA, 200 201 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis in FH management, 174 175 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) in HIV patients, 281 282 managing residual risk after MI in persons with, 299 308. See also Myocardial infarction (MI), among LDL C persons, residual risk management after monitoring of lipid targets and, 193 194 prevalence of, 326 treatment goals for ACC/AHA vs. NLA recommendations, 192 LP(a) alteration by LA, 203 M MAO3 Liposorber for LA, 199 200 Menopause transition to, 227 230 MI. See Myocardial infarction (MI) Muscle(s) statins in FH management effects on, 176 Myocardial infarction (MI) among LDL C persons epidemiology of, 300 residual risk management after, 299 308 ACE inhibitors in, 302 antiplatelet therapy in, 301 302 b-blockers in, 302 303 cardiac rehabilitation and lifestyle changes in, 301 guidelines for, 301 304 introduction, 299 300 renin angiotensin system inhibition in, 302 serum lipids in, 304 305 significance of, 300 statins in, 303 304
Index 339 N NAFLD. See Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) NASH. See Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) National Lipid Association (NLA) 2014 recommendations for patient-centered dyslipidemia, 186 190. See also 2014 National Lipid Association (NLA) Niacin 287, 290 291 in hypertriglyceridemia management in ASCVD prevention randomized clinical trials, 315 316 in HIV patients, 292 NLA. See National Lipid Association (NLA) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) statin use in patients with, 261 Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) statin use in patients with, 261 Noncholesterol risk factor modification in FH management, 172 O Omega-3 prevention randomized clinical trials, 314 315 P PBC. See Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) PCOS. See Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Pitavastatin 285 286 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) dyslipidemia in pregnancy and, 222 223 screening for, 223 treatment of, 223 224 unique challenges related to, 224 227 Pravastatin 284 Pregnancy dyslipidemia in, 209 215. See also Dyslipidemia, in pregnancy hypertriglyceridemia in differential diagnosis and evaluation of, 220 lipid values in normal and abnormal, 218 Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) statin use in patients with, 261 262 Progestin 227 R Renin angiotensin system inhibition LDL C persons, 302 Rheology, 203 204 Rosuvastatin 284 285 S Statin(s) ACC/AHA recommendations vs. NLA recommendations, 192 cognitive side effects of, 245 256 clinical trials considerations for vascular risk factor control, 249 limitations and strengths of current data, 249 objective of, 247 248 suggestions for clinicians, 249 254 impairment-related, 245 256 implications for iatrogenesis, 246 247 introduction, 245 246 mechanisms of, 248 249 diabetes related to, 233 243 clinical trial evidence regarding, 233 241 clinical guidance, 241 impact of statin therapy on glycemic control in diabetics, 240 241 IMPROVE-IT study, 241 JUPITER, 234 235 mechanisms for causality, 239 240 metaanalyses of, 235 237 observational studies, 237 239 risk-benefit ratio of, 235 237 WOSCOPS, 233 234 introduction, 233 in dyslipidemia management in HIV patients, 284 287 ART interactions with, 286 efficacy of, 284 286 HCV coinfection and, 286 side effects of, 286 289 response variation, 328 329 in FH management liver issues related to, 176 177 muscle problems related to, 176 in patients with liver disease, 257 265 complications associated with, 259 260 evaluation for, 258 introduction, 257 258 options for, 259 260 outcome evaluation, 260 261
340 Index Statin(s) (continued ) safety of, 259 specific disease recommendations, 261 263 cholestatic liver disease, 261 262 HCV, 261 liver transplantation, 262 263 NAFLD, 261 NASH, 261 PBC, 261 262 LDL C persons, 303 304 uses of, 257 Sterilization permanent 227 T Transplantation liver statin use in patients undergoing, 262 263 Triglyceride(s) alteration by LA, 201 203 in HIV patients, 282 prevalence of, 326 327 Triglyceride level lowering medications prevention randomized clinical trials, 313 317 fenofibrate, 313 314 niacin, 315 316 omega-3, 314 315 ongoing, 316 317 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) cholesterol guidelines, 182 186 groups benefiting from statin therapy, 184 185 LDL C treatment targets in, 186 pooled cohort risk equations for ASCVD risk assessment in, 185 186 scope and methodology of, 182 183 vs. NLA recommendations for patient-centered dyslipidemia, 190 194 2014 National Lipid Association (NLA) recommendations for patient-centered dyslipidemia, 186 190 ASCVD assessment, 187 188 atherogenic cholesterol, 186 187 scope and methodology, 186 treatment algorithm, 188 190 vs. ACC/AHA recommendations, 190 194 W West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCPS), 233 234 WOSCPS. See West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCPS)