3.1. Introduction of the study 3.2. Statement of Problem 3.3. Objective 3.4. Hypothesis 3.5. Method 3.5.1. Procedure Sample A.5.2. Variable A.5.3. Research Design A.5.4. Operational Definition Of The Terms A.5.5. Research Tests A.5.6. Description of tests A.5.7. Procedure for Data Collection A.5.8. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistical Analysis Preliminary Analysis Inferential statistical Analysis Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking among College Students of Dhule Districts Page 68
3.1. INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY:- Smoking has become not only the fashion but it also considered as an essential part of lifestyle in an adolescent population. As it is well known fact that smoking is considered as prominent health risk behavior among college going adolescents which causes the fatal diseases like tuberculosis, asthma, lung disease, vascular disease and cancer. Although these negative outcomes of smoking would be detected in later life these could be prevented in early stage of smoking behavior. To develop any preventive measure for a smoker, their personality and attitude toward smoking keep significance to modify. Considering this aforesaid scenario the present study focuses its attention towards personality characteristics and attitude towards different aspects of smoking of smoker and non-smoker adolescents. The current study also highlights the predictive value of personality characteristics to formation of attitudes towards different aspects of smoking. The objectives of the present study were covered under the following research title - Attitudes towards cigarette smoking among college students of Dhule district in relation to their personality characteristics. 3.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: To study the attitudes towards cigarette smoking among college students of Dhule district in relation to their personality characteristics. 3.3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:- A. To study and compare the personality factors between smoker and Nonsmoker adolescents. Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking among College Students of Dhule Districts Page 69
1. Neuroticism 2. Extraversion 3. Openness 4. Agreeableness 5. Conscientiousness A. To study and compare the attitude toward smoking of smoker and Non-smoker adolescents in the following domain- 1. Adverse effect of Smoking 2. Psychoactive benefits of smoking 3. Pleasure of smoking B. To study the relationship of personality factors (NEO-FFI) with attitude towards following domains of smoking. 1. Adverse effect of Smoking 2. Psychoactive benefits of smoking 3. Pleasure of smoking C. Ascertain the amount of variance in adolescent s attitude towards the adverse effect of smoking introduced by their personality (NEO-FFI). D. To ascertain the personality (NEO-FFI) as a predictor of attitude towards psychoactive benefits of smoking. E. To find out the amount of variance in adolescent attitude towards pleasure of Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking among College Students of Dhule Districts Page 70
smoking introduced by their personality (NEO-FFI). 3.4. HYPOTHESIS: A. Smoker and non-smoker adolescents will be significantly differ in their personality type, namely 1. Neuroticism, 2. Extraversion, 3. Openness, 4. Agreeableness 5. Conscientiousness. B. Smoker and Non-smoker adolescents will be significantly differ in their attitude toward different domain of smoking i.e.- 1. Perception of adverse effect of smoking 2. Psychoactive benefits of smoking 3. Pleasure of smoking. C. There will be significant correlation between adolescents Personality type (NEO-FFI) with their attitude towards different domains of smoking i.e. 1. Perception of adverse effect of smoking 2. Psychoactive benefits of smoking 3. Pleasure of smoking. D. Adolescents Personality (NEO-FFI) will be significant predictor of attitude towards following domain of smoking- 1. Perception of adverse effect of smoking 2. Psychoactive benefits of smoking 3. Pleasure of smoking. Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking among College Students of Dhule Districts Page 71
3.5. METHOD 3.5.1. Sample Locale of the present investigation was confined to the colleges situated in Dhule district of Maharashtra State. The stratified randomize sample taken into consideration for the study. Total samples comprised of 400 college going male adolescents of various disciplines (Arts, Commerce and Science) with an age range 17 to 25 years. The sample consisted of 200 male adolescents involved in the cigarette smoking practice and 200 who are not involved in smoking practices. While selecting the samples their social economic status (SES) were not taken into consideration. Adolescents who are addicted of cigarette smoking in their daily routine were considered as smokers and those who have never been involved in cigarette smoking practices were considered as Non-smokers. The sample distribution depicted as follows- Table 3.1: Sample Distribution Smoker N = 200 Non-smoker N = 200 Total N = 400 3.5.2. Variable:- follows- All the variables considered in the recent investigation are described as Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking among College Students of Dhule Districts Page 72
Table 3.1Description of variables Name of Variable Smoking Status Category of Variable No. of factors / Domain Name of Level IV 2 Smoker Non-smoker Personality DV & IV 5 Neuroticism Attitude towards Smoking DV 3 Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness Adverse effect of Smoking Psychoactive benefits of smoking Pleasure of smoking Nature of variable Categorical ( Nominal) Measurable (Continues) Measurable (Continues) 3.5.3. Operational definition of the variables under study:- The operational definition of the various independent and dependent variable, which were used in the present study, is as follows: A) Adolescent: In the present study, adolescents were defined by those students studied in different colleges for their graduation and post-graduation curses. B) Smoking Status: Adolescents whether they have involved in cigarette smoking practices or not define the smoking status. Smoking status defined in two categories; nonsmoker and smoker. Both categories were determined as a positive or negative response to the question Are you smoking cigarettes? (Yes/no) Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking among College Students of Dhule Districts Page 73
C) Attitude: Attitude towards smoking was defined in term of score measured on Attitudes towards Smoking Scale (ATS-18) by Etter, Humair, Bergmand and Perneger in 2000. D) Personality: It means the type of personality, which will be assessed by NEO-Five Factor Inventory by Costa & McCrae in 1992. 1. Neuroticism: This individual is anxious, generally apprehensive, and prone to worry. He sometimes feels frustrated, irritable, and angry at others and he is prone to feeling sad, lonely and dejected. Embarrassment or shyness when dealing with people, especially strangers, is not a problem for him. He reports being poor at controlling his impulses and desires, but he is able to handle stress as well as most people. 2. Extroversion: This person is very warm and affectionate toward others and he sometimes enjoys large and Noisy crowds or parties, He is as assertive as most men when the circumstances require. The individual has a low level of energy and prefers a slow and steady pace. Excitement, stimulation, and thrills have little appeal to him and he is less prone to experience feelings of joy and happiness than most men. 3. Openness: In experiential style, this individual is dgeerally open. He has an average imagination and only occasionally daydreams or fantasies. He is particularly responsive to beauty as found in music, art, poetry, or nature and his feeling and Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking among College Students of Dhule Districts Page 74
emotional reactions are varied and important to him. He seldom enjoys new and different activities and has a low need for dvarity, in his life He has only a moderate level of intellectual curiosity and he is dgenrrally middle of the road in his social political and moral beliefs. 4. Agreeableness: This person easily trusts others and usually assumes the best about anyone he meets. He is very candid and sincere and would find it difficult to deceive or manipulate others, but he tends to put his own needs and interests before others. This individual holds his own in conflicts with others, but he is also willing to forgive and forget. He is quite proud of himself and his accomplishments, and happy to take credit for them.compared together people, he is hard headed and tough-minded, and his social and political attitudes affect his pragmatic realism. 5. Conscientiousness: This individual is dreasonalbly efficient and generally sensible and rational in making decisions. He is moderately neat, punctual, and well organized and he is reasonably dependable and reliable in meeting his obligations. He has a moderately high need for achievement, but he can also set work aside for recreation. He is average in self discipline and generally finishes the task he starts. He is reasonably cautious, and generally thinks thing through before acting. 3.5.4. Research Design To attain all the objectives the present study deals with two research design- Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking among College Students of Dhule Districts Page 75
Between Group Design Table 3.2: Between Group design Smoker Non-smoker Total Group - A Group - B N = 400 N= 200 N= 200 Within Group Design Table 3: Within group design Sample Personality (NEO-FFI) Attitude towards Smoking (ATS-18) N = 400 Personality (NEO-FFI) Attitude towards Smoking (ATS-18) 3.5.5. Research Tests:- Measurable outcome used in the present study is listed below Table 3.3: List of Inventory Aspect studies Title of scale Developed by Demographic Personal Information Self Information Schedule Personality NEO-Five Factor Inventory Costa & McCrae, (1992) Attitude towards smoking Attitude towards smoking (ATS-18) Etter, Humair, Bergmand and Perneger, 2000 3.5.6. Description of tests:- Personal Information Schedule This was self construct schedule which was intended to collect demographic information and smoking status among adolescents. The items on Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking among College Students of Dhule Districts Page 76
this schedule elicited background information about participation s demographic, family, educational life and their smoking involvement. NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) NEO-Five Factor Inventory, (Costa & McCrae, 1992): The NEO-Five Factor Inventory is a concise measure of the five major dimensions, or domains of personality. The NEO-five factor are short version of revised NEO Personality Inventory. It is a 60-item questionnaire answered on 5- point scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree and yields scores on the five major domains of personality. These are neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness. In the present study NEO-Five Factor Inventory (Hindi adaptation) was used. Hindi adaptation was done in the first phase of this research work. In the process of investigating the test was administered on normal populations (both male and female age ranged 17-50yrs.), for item validity and reliability. Its reliability was checked by the alpha coefficient for each dimension of the five factor model of personality as obtained as follows, 81,.82,.73, 80 and. 84 respectively. Validity and item-total correlations of this inventory were also obtained ranged between.. 21 to..86. Attitudes towards smoking scale (ATS-18) Questionnaire Attitudes towards smoking were measured with the Attitudes towards Smoking Scale (ATS-18), an 18 item self-report questionnaire (Etter, Humair, Bergmand and Perneger, 2000). Permission to use the scale was granted in writing by the author. Participants indicated their answers on a five point Likert Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking among College Students of Dhule Districts Page 77
scale with responses ranging from totally disagree (score of 5) to fully agree (score of 1). This scale comprised of three subscales which measure perceptions of adverse effects of smoking (10 items), psychoactive benefits (four items) and pleasure of smoking (four items). Internal consistency coefficients (0.85, 0.88 and 0.81) and test retest correlations were high (0.90, 0.75, and 0.89, respectively. Factor analysis of the ATS-18 questionnaire resulted in three factors or composite scales: perceptions of the adverse effects of smoking; perceptions of the psychoactive benefits of smoking and perceptions of the pleasure of smoking. Two of these subscales (perceptions of the psychoactive benefits of smoking & perceptions of the pleasure of smoking) measure perceived advantages of smoking, and the remaining domain measures the perceived disadvantages of smoking (adverse effects of smoking). However, the authors have acknowledged that the further discriminant analysis is needed to determine if the positive aspects of the scale indeed categories two separate dimensions. Whilst the scale does not provide a total score, individual scores for attitudes across the three domains can be calculated. In addition, to the researchers can compute a differential score of advantages of smoking minus disadvantages. This differential score has been shown to predict both smoking relapse and smoking cessation at 16 months (Etter et al. 2000). Internal consistency coefficients for the scale have been demonstrated to be high, with coefficients of 0.85, 0.88 and 0.81 respectively for the three domains. Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking among College Students of Dhule Districts Page 78
Whilst the ATS-18 was published in 2000, to date very few studies have employed the scale to examine attitudes towards smoking. However, with high reliability and validity ratings and a sound factorial structure, this questionnaire is highly suited for the current study. 3.5.7. Procedure for Data Collection:- At initial level list of various colleges situated in Dhule Districts (Maharashtra) was prepared. For the selection of the sample various colleges were visited one by one. The written permission was sought out from the respective Principals after discussing the purpose of the present study. In order to finalize initial sample students of each college were requested to fill the personal information schedule. On the basis of their information with personal information, schedule both smoker and non-smoker adolescents were categorized under separate group. Each group consists of 200 adolescents. To obtain the data, selected students were administrated on the Attitudes Towards Smoking Scale (ATS-18) prepared by Etter, Humair, Bergmand and Perneger in 2000 and NEO- Five Factor Inventory developed by Costa & McCrae in 1992. These tests were administrated one at a time in order to reduce fatigue and boredom effect. To fill up the test subjects was given general instructions about each test. Data were obtained by using particular scoring pattern standardized for each test. Obtained data were analyzed by employing suitable statistical analysis as per reach out the objectives of the present study. Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking among College Students of Dhule Districts Page 79
3.5.8. Statistical Analysis:- 3.5.8.1. Descriptive statistical Analysis- Frequency and percentage by demographic characteristics of pooled sample were analyzed. The mean (with graphical representation) and standard deviation for personality (NEO-FFI) and Attitude towards smoking (Three sub-scales) were analyzed. 3.5.8.2. Preliminary Analysis- One-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test was analyzed to find out the normality of data obtained on measures of personality and attitude towards smoking. 3.5.8.3. Inferential statistical Analysis- To study the difference between smoker and non-smoker in their personality (NEO-FFI) and Attitude towards smoking Mann-Whitney U test was used. To find out the correlation between personality (NEO-FFI) and Attitude towards smoking Pearson product moment correlation was employed. To study the personality (NEO-FFI) as a predictor of attitude towards smoking stepwise multiple regressions (Enter method) analysis was employed. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 (SPSS for Windows, 2009), and a p value of less than 0.05 and 0.01 was determined to be statistically significant. Personality Characteristics and Attitude of Cigarette Smoking among College Students of Dhule Districts Page 80