FREUD AND MODERN PSYCHOLOGY VOLUME 2: THE EMOTIONAL BASIS OF HUMAN BEHA VIOR
EMOTIONS, PERSONALITY, AND PSYCHOTHERAPY Series Editors Carroll E. Izard, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware and Jerome L. Singer, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut HUMAN EMOTIONS Carroll E. Izard THE PERSONAL EXPERIENCE OF TIME Bernard S. Gorman and Alden E. Wessman THE STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS: Scientific Investigation into the Flow of Human Experience Kenneth S. Pope and Jerome L. Singer, eds. THE POWER OF HUMAN IMAGINATION: New Methods in Psychotherapy Jerome L. Singer and Kenneth S. Pope, eds. EMOTIONS IN PERSONALITY AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Carroll E. Izard, ed. FREUD AND MODERN PSYCHOLOGY, Volume 1: The Emotional Basis of Mental Illness Helen Block Lewis FREUD AND MODERN PSYCHOLOGY, Volume 2: The Emotional Basis of Human Behavior Helen Block Lewis GUIDED AFFECTIVE IMAGERY WITH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Hanscarl Leuner, Gunther Horn, and Edda Klessmann A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
FREUD AND MODERN PSYCHOLOGY VOLUME 2: THE EMOTIONAL BASIS OF HUMAN BEHA VIOR HELEN BLOCK LEWIS Yale University New Haven, Connecticut PLENUM PRESS' NEW YORK AND LONDON
Lewis, Helen B. Freud and modern psychology. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data (Emotions, personality, and psychotherapy) Includes bibliographies and indexes. Contents: v. 1. The emotional basis of mental illness-v. 2. The emotional basis of human behavior. 1. Psychology, Pathological. 2. Emotions. 3. Interpersonal relations. 4. Freud, Sigmund, 1856-1939.5. Psychoanalysis. I. Title. II. Series. RC454.L48 6]6.89/00]/9 80-20937 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4534-3 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4532-9 e-isbn -13: 978-1-4684-4532-9 1983 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical. photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Preface Freud's discovery of an emotional basis for mental illness led him to pursue the emotional basis of human behavior in general. This pursuit led him to undertake observational studies of dreams (1900), everyday mistakes (1901), sexuality (1905b), character formation (1908, 1931), jokes (1905a), and the origin of guilt (1913). Volume 2 of Freud and Modern Psychology examines the texts of each of these major writings in general psychology, continuing to explore the contradiction between Freud's observations about the power of emotions and his narrow theoretical formulations about human behavior. Volume 2 also reviews the remarkable power of the uniquely moral emotions of shame and guilt not only to create psychiatric symptoms, as discussed in Volume 1, but to infiltrate our nightly dreams, create everyday parapraxes, influence the development of sexuality, specify the emotional release in jokes, shape personality, and "create" human culture. As we saw in Volume 1, we shall see again in Volume 2 that Freud's theoretical difficulties arose from the absence of a viable theory of human nature as cultural, that is, social by biological origin. In a theoretical framework based on the cultural nature of human nature, the emotions and the social cohesion are reciprocally related to each other. The emotions are the means of the social cohesion which, in turn, is the means by which the emotions, including shame and guilt, are formed in infancy. Volume 2 also shows clearly how (still) prevailing androcentric attitudes influenced Freud's neglect of the infant-caretaker affectional system in his theorizing, as contrasted to his observations. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance of the Behavioral Science Publications Fund of Yale University in the preparation of the manuscript of Volume 2. Carroll Izard has again been a very helpful v
vi PREFACE editor. Frances DeGrenier has my gratitude for her patience and skill with the word processor. As always, my husband, Naphtali Lewis, has been an unfailing source of support.
Contents Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Chapter 4. Chapter 5. Chapter 6. Chapter 7. Chapter 8. Chapter 9. THE INTERPRET A TION OF DREAMS: The Problem of Emotions in Dreaming 1 THE DISCOVERY OF THE REMS: The Problem of Freud's Theory 24 REMS STUDIES: The Problem of Tracing Emotions in Dream Content 44 THREE ESSAYS ON THE THEORY OF SEXUALITY: The Problem of Sex as Instinct 67 ANATOMY IS DESTINY: The Problem of Freud's Sexism 94 MISTAKES AND JOKES: "Primary Process": The Problem of the Relation between Cognition and Affect 118 PSYCHOANAL YTIC CHARACTEROLOGY: The Problem of Cognitive Styles 141 TOTEM AND TABOO: The Problem of the Origins of Guilt and Civilization 171 PSYCHOANAL YSIS IN CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE: The Problem of Human Nature 190 VII
viii CONTENTS EPILOGUE BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX 207 217 229