A Acquired thrombophilias, 128 130 Alcohol consumption, 44 American Fertility Society classification system, 162 American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), 34 Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APAS), 125, 126, 128 Arcuate uterus, 165 Asherman syndrome, 160 Aspirin, 130, 131 Assisted hatching (AH), 63 Assisted reproductive technology (ART), 183 human microbiome, 183 antimicrobials, 187 188 endometrial and embryonic implantation, 185 186 immune system, 186 187 vaginal microbiome, 183 stress, 109 utilization, 77 B Bacterial vaginosis (BV), 182 Basalis, 139 Bicornuate uterus, 166 Blastocyst Euploid Selective Transfer (BEST) trial, 85 Blastocyst stage, 65 Blastocyst stage embryos developmental rate and abnormal kinetics, 65 66 laboratory interventions emerging treatment options, 69 70 freeze-all strategy, 67 vitrification, 68 morphologic features, 66 C CECOS study, 81 Chronic endometritis (CE), 182 Cochrane Database Systematic Review, 188 Cochrane systematic review, 63 Comprehensive chromosome screening (CCS), 84 Cultivation-dependent techniques, 179 Cytokines, 10 11 D Didelphic uterus, 165 Donor oocyte programs, 82 Double embryo transfer (DET), 97 Dyssynchrony, 21, 23, 27 E Effector genes, 111 Embryo(s), 60, 65 blastocyst stage (see Recurrent implantation failure (RIF)) cleavage stage (see Recurrent implantation failure (RIF)) co-culture of, 64 65 extended culture of, 65 Springer International Publishing AG 2018 J.M. Franasiak, R.T. Scott Jr. (eds.), Recurrent Implantation Failure, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71967-2 211
212 Index Embryo implantation clinical outcomes, 27 endometrial synchrony, 21, 28 30 microvasculature, 128 physiology abnormality, 22 alterations, 23 development, 22 dyssynchrony, 23 endometrium, 24 26 foundation of fundamental, 21 during natural conception, 23 natural cycles, 22 ovarian stimulation, 22 management, 28 30 timing of blastulation, 26 Endometrial cycle, 138 Endometrial microbiome, 185 186 Endometrial uterodomes, 6 Endometrium, 1 experimental and molecular evidence, 24 endometrial synchrony, 28 30 female reproductive tract, 4 histology, 139 layers, 139 limitations, 140 mid-gestation, 4 morphologic feature, 139 progesterone, 24 receptivity, 5, 24 secretory transformation, 25 Extracellular matrix proteins, 7 Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells, 95 F Female genital tract malformations arcuate uterus, 165 bicornuate uterus, 166 congenital uterine anomalies, 163 didelphic uterus, 165 estimation, 162 isolation, 162 septate uterus, 164 unicornuate uterus, 165 Fertility Quality of Life (FertiQoL) questionnaire, 204 Fibroids infertility associated with, 153 medical interventions, 155 156 myomas, 153 pathophysiology, 155 surgical interventions intramural, 157 myomectomy, 156 submucosal, 157 Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), 35 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 2, 81 Folliculogenesis GnRH pulsatility, 108 physical and emotional, 107 response complex, 108 suppression, 104 Frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles, 143 Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA), 105, 106 Functionalis, 139 G Ghrelin, 105 Glucocorticoids, 107 Glycodelin, 142 Glycosylation type Ia (CDG-Ia), 80 Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), 108 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), 104, 155 H Hemostasis acquired thrombophilias, 128 physiology and pathophysiology, 126 thrombophilias, 127 Heparin, 130, 131 Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), 8 Homeobox (Hox) genes, 9 10 Human microbiome assisted reproductive technology, 183 antimicrobials, 187 188 endometrial and embryonic implantation, 185 186 immune system, 186 187 vaginal microbiome, 183 human body, 175 medical literature, 176 pregnancy outcomes non-gravid vs. gravid vaginal, 188 189 placental, 189 preterm birth, 189 reproductive tract alterations, 176 bacterial vaginosis, 182 characterization, 178 180 chronic endometritis, 182 pathological shifts, 182 physiologic role, 177 vagina and uterus, 180
213 scientific revolution, 176 Hydrosalpinges, 166 pathophysiology, 167 treatment, 167 168 Hydrosalpinx, 166 Hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, 135 I Immune system, 186 ART (see Assisted reproductive technology (ART)) HLA-C, 97, 98 maternal cells, 99 natural killer cells, 94 96 oocyte donor cycles, 97 pregnancy disorders, 97 role of, 94 Implantation endometrial receptivity defects, 11 12 endometrium, 4, 5 growth factors, 8 9 histologic dating adhesion molecules, 6 8 luteal phase defect, 5 matrix metalloproteinases classification, 9 cytokine, 10 11 HOX genes, 9 10 prostaglandins, 10 11 pregnancy, 1 timing follicle-stimulating hormone, 2 hatching, 4 menstruation, 2 morphologic studies, 3 progesterone, 3 stages, 3 Infertility factors influencing, 201 202 pregnancy outcomes, 202 203 psychiatric disorders during treatment, 200 201 medical interventions, 199 200 psychosocial functioning, 198 psychosocial research, 198 stress-diathesis model, 199 treatment burden and dropout, 203 psychosocial interventions, 206 207 psychotropic medication management, 207 208 repeated implantation, 204 206 screening tools, 203 204 Inherited thrombophilias, 129 Integrins, 7 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), 34 Intrauterine adhesions hysteroscopy, 160 pathophysiology, 161 prevalence, 160 treatment, 162 Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), 126 In vitro fertilization (IVF), 34 K Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), 95 L Leptin, 105 Leukemia inhibition factor (LIF), 142 leukocytospermia, 47 Live birth rate (LBR), 93 Luteal phase deficiency (LPD), 5 pathophysiology, 144 145 progesterone production, 144 therapeutic strategies, 145 Luteinization, 137 M Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS), 158 Major depressive disorder (MDD), 201 Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) classification, 9 cytokines, 10 11 HOX genes, 9 10 PG, 10 Menstrual cycle, 136, 139, 140 endometrium histology, 139 layers, 139 limitations, dating, 140 morphologic feature, 139 luteinization, 137 neuroendocrine control, 136 ovarian sex steroid production, 136 ovulation, 137 postovulation steroid secretion, 137 sex hormone secretion, 138 Metabolic assays, 70 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), 127 Mitochondrial DNA copy number, 70 MMPs, see Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) Mucin 1 (MUC-1), 8 Multifollicular development, 141
214 Index Myomas, 153 Myomectomy, 156, 157 N Natural killer (NK) cells, 94 96 Neuropeptide Y (NPY), 106 O Obesity, 110 111 Oocyte donation cycles, 142 Oral antioxidant therapy, 47 Overt hypothyroidism, 147 Ovulation, 137 Oxidative stress (OS), 117 P Peripheral blood natural killer (pbnk) cells, 94, 95 PGS, see Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) Placentation, 95 Polyp(s) functional layer, 158 pathophysiology, 159 prevalence, 159 surgical intervention, 160 Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), 142 Pregnancy disorders, 97 Pregnancy failure chromosome rearrangements, 78 cytogenetic findings, 78 genetic composition, 77 genetics in implantation, 81 83 preimplantation genetic screening improve biopsy and comprehensive testing platforms, 84 87 suboptimal biopsy and testing methodology, 83 84 recurrent loss, 80 single gene disorders, 80 Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS), 49, 84 86 improve biopsy and comprehensive testing platforms clinical studies, 85 comprehensive chromosome screening, 84 massive parallel sequencing technology, 86 preclinical studies, 84 randomized trial, 84 segmental aneuploidy, 86 utilization, 85 suboptimal biopsy and testing methodology, 83 84 Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A), 69 Preterm birth (PTB), 189 Progesterone, 3 secretion, 138 supplementation, 145 Prostaglandins (PGs), 10 Psychiatric disorders, 199 200 R Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 37, 38 Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) blastocyst stage embryos developmental rate and abnormal kinetics, 65 66 laboratory interventions, 67 70 morphologic features, 66 67 cleavage stage embryo developmental rate and abnormal kinetics, 60 61 laboratory interventions, 61 65 morphologic features, 61 Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), 125 Robertsonian translocations, 79 S Selectins, 7 Septate uterus, 164 Single embryo transfer (SET), 97 Single gene disorders (SGD), 80 Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLO), 80 Smoking, 44 Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada, 156 Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) defined, 36 detection, 38 infertile men evaluation, 41 IVF vs. ICSI, 41 low rates, 36 meta-analyses, 41 nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, 37 repair mechanisms, 36 RIF evaluation, 43 ROS, 37, 38 sperm parameters, 38 systematic reviews, 41 test, 38
215 Spermatogenesis male gamete factor chromosomal aneuploidy, 34 36 in vitro fertilization, 34 recurrent implantation failure, 34 recurrent pregnancy loss, 34 semen parameters, 34 potential therapeutic options and interventions, 44 alcohol consumption, 44 cigarette smoke, 44 leukocytospermia, 47 medication history, 47 oral antioxidant therapy, 47 preimplantation genetic screening, 49 shorter abstinence times, 46 sperm selection, 48, 49 sperm sorting methods, 48 testicular heat stress, 46 testicular sperm extraction and apiration, 49 varicocele, 44 x-ray radiation, 47 sperm DNA damage/sdf characteristics, 39 40 defined, 36 detection, 38 epigenetics, 43 44 infertile men evaluation, 41 IVF vs. ICSI, 41 low rates, 36 meta-analyses, 41 modifiable factors, 45 46 nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, 37 repair mechanisms, 36 RIF evaluation, 43 ROS, 37, 38 sperm parameters, 38 systematic reviews, 41 test, 38 Stress endometrial exposure assisted reproductive technology, 109 biochemical mediators, 109 cytotoxic cytokines, 109 psychological and physical, 108 epigenetics embryo environment, 114 117 oocyte maturation, 113 ovulation and fertilization, 114 pre-antral oocyte, 112 primordial follicle, 113 regulation, 111 folliculogenesis GnRH pulsatility, 108 physical and emotional, 107 response complex, 108 suppression, 104 healthy embryos air quality, 118 culture media, 118 light exposure, 118 oxidative stress, 117 oxygen concentration, 117 obesity, 110 111 oocyte development, 111 Stress-diathesis model, 198, 199 Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), 147 SYCP3, 80 T Testicular heat stress, 46 Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and aspiration (TESA), 49 Thrombophilias acquired, 128 130 hemostasis, 127 inherited, 129 Thyroid hormones (TH) clinical management, of sysfunction, 147 149 physiology, 146 147 Time-lapse imaging (TLI), 61 62 U Unicornuate uterus, 165 Uterine adhesions, 161 Uterine anomaly, 163 Uterine artery embolization (UAE), 158 Uterine mucosa, 99 Uterus natural killer cells (unk), 94, 95 V Vaginal microbiome, 180, 183 Varicocele, 44 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 8 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 118 Z Zona pellucida (ZP), 62 64