VOL. 5, NO. 6, June 2015 ISSN 22-7217 Impact of Cumulative Sediment Deposition by Irrigation Water on Soil and Sugarcane in Savannah Sugar Company Limited; Numan, Adamawa State Nigeria 1 R.P. Ali, 2 H.M. Maina 1 Department of Basic Science, Taraba State College of Agriculture, P.M.B, Jalingo 2 Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, P.M.B 2076, Yola, Adamawa State ABSTRACT Kiri Dam is a reservoir that is supplied by many water sources. This area is expected to have a high pollution of heavy metals. The water from Kiri Dam, is the main water source for the irrigation of sugarcane in Savannah. Therefore, it has become a matter of concern to investigate the levels of these metals in the soil as well as in the sugarcane crops. The main thrust of this study is to find a correlation between the concentration of these metals in soil and sugarcane and to further reveal, how safe the sugarcane and the golden brown sugar from Savannah Company are safe for human consumption. Studies to determine the levels of heavy metals in soil and sugarcane from some selected farm plots of Savannah Sugar Company, Numan have been carried out, using an X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometer. The result indicated that the pollutant load is much higher in soil than in sugarcane. Keywords: Soil, Sugarcane, Concentration, Heavy Metals. meetdavidpeter@gmail.com 1. INTRODUCTION The main source of water for irrigation in Savannah Sugar Company is Kiri dam. Kiri dam is a large reservoir that gets its water supply from Rivers Benue and Gongola. These two water sources could be expected to contain a high proportion of these metals, and over time the concentration could be expected to increase because the lake is stagnant. Soft sand and clay deposited by the irrigation water is the main source of heavy metals available to the sugarcane crops. (Ali, P.R. 2007). The irrigation water pick these metals from the soil over which it flows and part of it eventually settles with the sediment. Heavy metals in soils may be inherited from the parent materials or added through the use of organic and chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Heavy metals in soil could also be as a result of sewage, atmospheric deposit, and sludge. ( B. J Alloway, 2006).The pollution load of heavy metals from the irrigation water could be expected because, apart from the two main source of supply, Rivers Benue and Gongola to the Kiri dam, there are also other smaller sources of supply that have not been indicated. (Ali, P.R 2007). The study areas include some selected farm plots of Savannah Sugar Company, located along Numan-Gombe road. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The materials required include, Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence instrument Si (Li) detector. Analytical balance, Model= metler Toledo, AB204. Pestle and Mortar, sieve with a grain size of less than 1µm, digger, polythene bags, cutlass. 2.1 and Sample Preparation The sampling was done according to a method described by Jaiswal, (2003). The soil samples were collected at a distance of about 300m apart weighing about 1kg each. The samples were further air dried and grounded with pestle and mortar to pass through a mesh size of 1µm. A 0g, representative sample was obtained by coning and quartering. It was placed in a clean polythene bag and labeled accordingly. Samples of sugarcane were collected at a distance of about 300m apart from 3 plots. The samples were measured at a distance of about 3 internodes from the ground level. 4 samples were collected from each plot. The samples were cut into bits and air dried for several days followed by drying in an oven maintained at a temperature of about 0 0 C for 3 days. The samples were arranged according to plots and grounded into powder with pestle and mortal to obtain grain size that would pass through 1µm mesh size. A representative sample of about 0g for the 4 samples on each of the 3 plots were obtained by Coning and Quartering and stored in a bottle with stopper. 2.2 Analytical Studies of Samples The samples were analyzed by the use of X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometer. The intensity of the fluorescence was proportional to the concentration of elements of interest in the sample materials (Peck sock, et, al, 1980). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Results for Soil Results for the heavy metal concentration on plot GH2 279
VOL. 5, NO. 6, June 2015 ISSN 22-7217 Location G Area Table 1: Concentration of Heavy Metals (mg/kg) x -5 Code Depth (cm) Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Pb Ti As G1 5 7.5.5 200 0 0 30.3 8.6 200 6.4.5 3.3 35.6 5.8 200 5.6 39.2 MEAN 8.4 9.8 200 6.0 8.8 7.8 4.1 35.0 5.5 G2 5 8.8 9.2.5 280 305 235.5 1 0 4.7 5.2 3.8 41.2 50.2 48.2 5.2 MEAN.2 273.3.2.2 4 4.4 G3 5.1 9.2 8.4 1.0.5 11.5 185 185 195 5.5 7.0 0 3.50 5.1 29.5 30.4 31.5 3.7 5.5 MEAN 9.2.8 188.3 4.7 30.5 4.7 G4 5 7.5 8.7 9.1 275 2 165 7.3 8.2 5.7.5 3 30.7 MEAN 6.8 216.7 7.0 9.7 8.3 5.2 130.5 Table 2: Results for the Heavy Metals Concentration on plot P3Concentration of Heavy Metals (mg/kg) x -5 Code Location Depth (cm) Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Pb Ti As P P1 5 5.3 7.9 8.2 58.5 240 290 280 5.7 3.4 7.0 7.0 11.5 0 12.5 2.1 3.5 20.3.6 26.7 MEAN 7.1 2 270 4.6 7.3 9.5 3.5 2 5.0 P2 5 290 0 260 6.9 7.2 8.1 0 2.50 5.2 31.2 21.2 19.7 5.6 7.2 3.7 MEAN 5.6 9.3 266.7 7.4 8.3 6.3 4.4 2 5.5 P P3 5 6.4 5 265 170 4.7 7.9 3.0 2.9 3.7 18.5 19.2 20.2 7.1 MEAN 9.8 230 5.5 9.7 5.3 3.6 19.3 5.3 P4 5 7.2 5 290 275 8.7 5.8 6.7.5.5 13.0 6.0 13.0 5.0 1 2 27.5 MEAN 5.8 273 7.1.3 9.7 5.2 2 5.2 Table 3: Results for the heavy metals in plot K4 (Concentration of heavy metals (mg/kg) x -5 Code Depth Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Pb Ti As Location (cm) K K1 5 7.3 8.1 11.0 265 0 5 3.8 2.9 5.5 11.5 2.9 3.4 4.6 20.0 18.6 17.4 5.1 MEAN 7.1 9.7 6.7 4.1 6.7 3.6 18.7 K K2 5 6.4.5 5 260 235 6.4 7.3.5 5.6 5.8 3.2 30.5 2 MEAN 64.2 240.2 8.8 5.3 29.3 K K3 5 5.6.5 235 270 0 5.0 7.5 5.0 2.8 1 20.0 18.1 3.5 5.1 K4 5 9.8 1.6 9.7 5.2 4.4 17.3 4.3 5.1.5 220 5.5 4.3 15.1.5 240 6.4 3.5 5.6 17.3 3.6 3.5 11.0 2 7.3 7.0 5.8 18.5 7.8 MEAN.7 228 8.3 5.3 5.2 17.0 5.3 280
VOL. 5, NO. 6, June 2015 ISSN 22-7217 Table 4: Shows the summary of the components at different depths from different plots Components (mg/kg) x -5 Location Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Pb Ti As GH2 8.35.2 219.5 9.2 7.8 4.6 35.6 5.2 P3 13.8 260.0 8.9 7.7 22.9 5.3 K4 6.0.1 244.1 5.7 9.1 4.6 20.6 4.7 MEAN 6.8 11.4 167.9 6.0 9.1 7.3 2 5.1 Table 5: Concentration of heavy metals (sugarcane) in plot K4 (mg/kg) x -5 Area Code Ti Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn As Pb K4 K1 17.9 4.47 2.61 1.59 0.90 0.77 0.70 0.48 0.70 K2 13.6 5.01 2.78 3.06 0.92 0.89 0.58 0.43 0.63 K3 1 2 2. 5 0.73 0.58 0.88 0.41 0.57 K4 17.6 3.58 4.6 3.12 0.82 0.68 0.63 0.46 0.67 MEAN 15.8 4. 3.06 3.17 0.84 0.73 0.69 0.44 0.64 Table 6: Concentrations of heavy metals (sugarcane) in plot GH2 (mg/kg) x -5 Area Code Ti Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn As Pb GH2 G1 14.3 5.73 2.77 2.94 1.21 0.75 0.58 0.69 0.99 G2 15.2 4.77 3.35 2.12 1.09 0.84 0.69 0.65 0.94 G3 11.7 5.11 2.83 1.97 0.90 0.77 0.64 0.56 0.79 G4 11.6 3 2.53 2.29 1.93 1.05 0.69 0.52 0.75 MEAN 13.2 1 2.87 2.33 1.03 0.85 0.68 0.61 0.87 Table 7: Mean concentrations of heavy metals (sugarcane) in plot P3 (mg/kg) x -5 Area Code Ti Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn As Pb P3 P1 15.0 4.13 3.45 4.41 1.30 0.78 0.61 0.62 0.88 P2 16.4 5.60 3.36 2.30 1.23 0.80 0.63 0.58 0.83 P3 1 5 2.60 2.90 1. 0.74 0.59 0.51 0.73 P4 11.9 3.82 2.49 2.57 0.94 1.70 0.53 0.47 0.69 MEAN 11.2 4.38 2.97 3.05 1.18 0.76 0.59 0.54 0.78 Table 8: Shows a summary of the components in (mg/kg) x -5 for sugarcane at different locations Location Ti Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn As Pb K4 15.8 4. 3.06 3.17 0.84 0.73 0.69 0.44 0.64 GH2 13.2 1 2.87 2.33 1.03 0.85 0.68 0.61 0.87 P3 11.2 4.38 2.97 3.05 1.18 0.75 0.59 0.54 0.78 MEAN 13.4 2.9 2.9 2.3 0.78 0.65 0.53 0.76 Table 9: Summary of the mean values for soil and sugarcane for the different plots Components, (mg/kg) x -5 Plot Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn Pb Ti As GH2 Soil 8.35.2 219.5 9.2 7.8 4.6 35.6 5.2 Sugarcane 5 2.89 2.33 1.03 0.85 0.68 0.87 35.6 0.61 P3 Soil 13.8 260.0 8.9 7.7 22.9 5.3 Sugarcane 4.38 2.97 3.05 1.18 0.76 0.59 0.78 11.2 0.54 K4 Soil 6.0.1 244.1 5.7 9.1 4.6 20.6 4.7 Sugarcane 4. 3.06 3.17 0.87 0.73 0.69 0.64 15.8 0.44 281
VOL. 5, NO. 6, June 2015 ISSN 22-7217 Summary of the components at different depths from different plots 282
VOL. 5, NO. 6, June 2015 ISSN 22-7217 Summary of the Mean Values for Soil and Sugarcane for Different Plots 283
VOL. 5, NO. 6, June 2015 ISSN 22-7217 Summary of Mean Values for Soil and Sugarcane for Different Plots 4. DISCUSSION A summary of the results for the different plots for soil and sugarcane indicated the following: Cr, 6.8; Mn, 11.4; Fe, 167.9; Ni, 6.0; Cu, 9.1; Zn, 7.3; Pb, ; Ti, 2; As, 5.1. Results for sugarcane showed that; Cr, ; Ti, 13.4; Mn, 2.9; Fe, 2.9; Ni, 2.3; Cu, 0.78; Zn, 0.65; As, 0.53; Pb, 0.76. From the different locations for soil, it can be seen that iron and titanium are exceptionally high with iron above 200 in the three cases. The concentration of iron in sugarcane is low,. This may be due to the fact that the major forms of iron in soil are very sparingly soluble ferric oxide, which occurs as coating of aggregates or as separate constituents of the clay fractions; the very low solubility of these compounds mean that iron concentrations in soil solutions are also very low. (Soil Manual, 2000, PP 6). Uptake of iron is also inhibited by high phosphate levels, due to formation of insoluble iron phosphate. In soils with high iron oxide content, this reaction limits the availability of phosphate. High levels of zinc, copper, or manganese interfere with the translocation of iron in plants, and high levels can also interfere with the uptake of these elements. Plants vary in their zinc requirements as well as their abilities to extract zinc from the soil. Sugarcane, sugar beet has quite low zinc requirements. (Sillanpaa, 1972). 284
VOL. 5, NO. 6, June 2015 ISSN 22-7217 The availability of copper is governed primarily by the total amount in the soil (Lucas and Knezek, 1972). Copper availability is also influenced by soil ph, the availability of which decreases slowly with increasing ph. Other micro-nutrients can also influence the availability of copper. High levels of copper can also induce deficiency symptoms of iron and zinc; conversely, high levels of iron and zinc have been found to induce copper deficiency (Soil Manual; 2000, PP. 187). 5. CONCLUSION Expectedly, the concentration of these metals investigated is by far higher in soil than in sugarcane crops in Savannah and therefore seasonally good for human consumption. This confirms the study by the United States Food and Drug Administration and Control (2003). [3] J.R. Landon (2000) A handbook for soil survey and agricultural land evaluation in the tropics and subtropics. Edited by J.R. Landon. [4] Jaiswal, P.C. (2003). Soil Plant and Water Analysis. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. PP. 245-1. [5] Lucas, R.E. and Knezek, B.D. (1972). Climatic and Soil Conditions. Promoting Micro-nutrient deficiencies in plants, PP 265. In; Micro-nutrients in agriculture. Mortvedt, J.J. (Eds), Soil Science Society, A.M., Madison, Wisconsin. [6] McWilliams (1980). Modern Methods of Chemicals Analysis. Second Edition, PP 426 Booker Tropical Soil Manual. REFERENCES [1] Ali, P.R. (2007) Heavy Metals Contents of Sugarcane (saccharam officinarum) in the vicinity of Savannah Sugar Company, Numan, Adamawa State; Being a thesis presented to the department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology, Yola in partial fulfillment for the award of M.Sc Degree. [2] Alloway, B.J. (2006). Heavy Metals in soil. Second Edition, Chapman and Hall, PP. [7] Robert, L. Peck sock, L. Donald Shields, Thomas Carn, Ian G. [8] Sillanpaa, N. (1972). Trace elements in soil and agriculture. Soils Bulletin, No. 17 FAO, Rome [9] United States Food and Drug Administration (2003). Heavy metals analysis in food and non food substances, American Journal of Science; 85(3) 7. 285