Pet Food Kibble Preservation 2018 Jim Mann KEMIN IS ASSURANCE
Kemin s Involvement in Pet Food Supply Chain Slaughter Houses Renderers Field Fresh/Frozen Meat Collectors Crops KIBBLE STABILITY PALATABILITY The pet food manufacturing process creates multiple opportunities to influence taste
Pet Food Quality Nutrient Profile Ingredient Legend Design Ingredient Quality Palatability Targets Formulation and Design Oxidation Control Moisture Control Process Control and Consistency Food Safety Programs Process Target Shelf Life Moisture Migration Packaging Distribution External Factors
Pet Food Quality Ingredients with a high oxidation potential must be treated when processed to prevent oxidation Changes in formulations can greatly impact shelflife stability Diets must be treated with both proper antioxidant and correct level to reach shelf life Microbial risk may be controlled with process control, antimicrobial agents, and moisture control
Negative Effects of Oxidation Quality loss Negative color and texture changes Warmed-over flavor, negative palatability Economic loss Consumer acceptance, loss of shelf-life Brand loyalty Nutritional losses Destruction of essential fatty acids Vitamin loss
Synthetic Antioxidants H N C( ) 3 C OH C( ) 3 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) Mol. Wt. 220 CH 2 O OH Ethoxyquin Mol. Wt. 217 OH OH OH C( ) 3 Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) Mol. Wt. 166 C( ) 3 C( ) 3 O C - O - CH 2 CH 2 O - O - Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) Mol. Wt. 180 OH OH OH Propyl gallate Mol. Wt. 212
Increasing Antioxidant Activity Natural Tocopherol Homologues Delta homologues have the greatest antioxidant activity Tocopherol Mol. Wt. = 402 Tocopherol Mol. Wt. = 416 Tocopherol Mol. Wt. = 416 Tocopherol Mol. Wt. = 430 O (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH) 3 HO O (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH) 3 HO O (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH) 3 HO O (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH) 3 HO Increasing Vitamin E Activity Alpha homologues have the greatest Vitamin E activity Kemin PRE 14-00017
Petfood Trends Diets higher in unsaturated fats Natural, organic, holistic Vegetable oil substitution for animal fats Algal meals and flax as Omega 3 sources Corn alternatives (oat groats, flax, soybean, brown rice, other small grains, etc.) Fresh meats and novel protein sources
Types of Fats
Types of Fats
Reaction rate per double bond PUFA Fatty acids Relative rates 18:1 n9 1 18:2 n6 50 1 18:3 n3 100 2 18:4 n3,20:4 n6 3 20:5 n3 (EPA) 4 22:6 n3 (DHA) 5 Activation Energy decreases Reference: Lipid Oxidation, Second Edition, E. N. Frankel The Oily Press, Bridgewater, England, 2005
Concentration (meq/kg) Lipid Oxidation Curves 70 Decadienal (heat stressed) Decadienal PV Hexanal 35 Hexanal (heat stressed) 0 Time Propanal Light aldehydes are volatile and are easily outgassed
Aldehyde Sensory Impact in Diets Dog palatability is sensitive to the presence of oxidation byproducts, such as aldehydes Data show a significant reduction in palatability when 20 ppm of synthetic Total Aldehydes (Hexanal + 2,4-Decadienal) were added to petfood. CLS Project #17N002234, 17N002235, 17N002236, 17N002237 Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2018. All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Aldehyde Sensory Impact in Diets 20 ppm 40 ppm 80 ppm CLS Project #17N002234, 17N002235, 17N002236, 17N002237 Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2018. All rights reserved. Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Peroxide Values (meq/kg sample) Finished Diet Design- Enrobing Fat Initial Peroxide Values 2 1.8 1.6 Chicken Fat Untreated HL Sunflower Oil Untreated HO Sunflower Oil Untreated Canola Oil Untreated MO Sunflower Oil Untreated Soybean Oil Untreated 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 week 0 SD-16-00014
Peroxide Value (meq/kg sample) Finished Diet Design- Enrobing Fat 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Chicken Fat Untreated Canola Oil Untreated HL Sunflower Oil Untreated MO Sunflower Oil Untreated HO Sunflower Oil Untreated Soybean Oil Untreated week 0 week 6 week 12 week 18 week 24 week 30 Weeks at Ambient SD-16-00014
Carbohydrate Sources Corn, barley, oats now replaced with ancient grains, pulses, or rice Bulk density of kibble altered by changes Metals present in whole grain Extrusion parameters changed
Carbohydrate Sources Enzymatic oxidation may also be a concern, though should not be present in kibble Stabilized rice products are cooked to reduce FFA, not PV Very source dependent
Flax Meal Stability Product Type FOX II PV (meq/kg sample) % Fat AOCS PV (meq/kg fat) Hexanal (ppm) 2,4-Decadienal (ppm) Untoasted 0.08 35 0.23 7 <1 Toasted 2.96 35 8.46 10 18 CLS project 06-698
Carbohydrate Sources Closer to native source = more stable? Magic happens in kibble Interaction with oil, grain, protein produces side reactions
Finished Diet - Stability- Rice Types Kemin Internal Document SD-15-00003
Carbohydrate Sources Follow up trial with corn base diet Brown rice, white rice, rice bran Pea protein sources Lentil beans
Diet Formulation Diet Substitutions Substitution For Rate (%) None, diet control NA NA Corn gluten 60% Brewer s 12 Corn gluten 60% Bran 6 Corn gluten 60% Brown 12 50% Pea Protein 72% Pea Protein 7 Milo Rice 30 Lentils Rice 30 Ingredient % Inclusion Chicken Meal 15.00 Brown Rice 12.00 Brewers Rice 12.00 Rice Bran 6.00 Oat Groats 3.00 Flax Seed 5.20 Lamb Meal 6.25 Fish Meal, Menhaden 6.50 Pea Protein 72% 7.00 Beet Pulp 4.57 Trace Minerals/Vitamins 0.88 High Linoleic Sunflower oil 1.75 In Extruder 95.50 Chicken meat mix 15.00 Coating 100.00% Kemin Internal Document SD-16-00016
Peroxide Values (meq/kg fat) Base Diet Corn for Brewer s Corn for Rice Bran Corn for Brown Rice 72% Pea for 50% Pea Milo for Rice Lentil for Rice Finished Diet Stability & Carbohydrate 50 40 30 20 10 0 12% 6% 12% 7% 30% 30% Diet Substitution Canola Oil coated diet week 15 storage @ 37 C Kemin Internal Document SD-16-00016
Base Diet % Antioxidant Loss Corn for Brewer s Corn for Rice Bran Corn for Brown Rice 72% Pea for 50% Pea Milo for Rice Lentil for Rice Finished Diet Stability & Carbohydrate 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Diet Substitution Kemin Internal Document SD-16-00016 Canola Oil coated diet week 15 storage @ 37 C
Protein Sources Rendered Meal Meat Slurry Non Meat protein sources- beans, insects
Protein Sources Rendered meals Chicken by-product vs chicken meal Lamb - mostly New Zealand or Australia Duck - imported Pork, beef
Peroxide Values (meq/kg fat) Finished Diet Stability & Protein Base Lamb Meal Untreated Meat Substitution None, diet control For NA Rate (%) NA Lamb meal Chicken 21 Untreated Meat Antioxidant Treated Meat 15 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Diet Substitution Kemin Internal Document SD-16-00016 Canola Oil coated diet week 15 storage @ 37 C
% Antioxidant Loss Finished Diet Stability & Protein Base Lamb Meal Untreated Meat 100 95 90 85 80 75 Diet Substitution Canola Oil coated diet week 15 storage @ 37 C Kemin Internal Document SD-16-00016
Protein Sources Meat Slurry Chicken, turkey, rabbit, kangaroo Ingredient Quality varies Micro and Oxidation detract from diet quality Can be source of off odors
Antioxidant Treatment- Kibble Ingredients % Inclusion DRY MEAL BATCH 89.50% Chicken Meal 29.33 Brewers Rice US #4 14.66 Corn Ground 14.66 Wheat US #2 9.17 Wheat Middlings 5.06 Organic Dried Peas 4.45 Eggs, Dried 4.05 Beet Pulp Pellets 3.03 Pea Fiber 2.02 Flaxseed, Whole 2.02 Salt 0.30 Potassium Chloride 50% K 0.30 Trace Mineral Premix 95 0.20 Bern Dog & Cat Vitamin Premix 0.13 Choline Chloride 0.10 COATING 100.00% Dry Kibble From Extruder 89.50 Dry Dog Palatant (Palasurance) 2.00 Fat / Oil 8.50
Antioxidant Treatment- Kibble
Antioxidant Treatment- Kibble
Antioxidant Treatment- Kibble
The Challenge of Shelf Life The value of controlling oxidation and microbial growth is well recognized Shelf life risk and risk mitigation is measureable and shelf life targets, in most cases, are achievable A shelf life program which includes proper antioxidant application and appropriate microbial control is essential for assuring product safety, quality and customer loyalty
Kemin Has Expertise Along Entire Supply Chain Food Safety Antioxidants Health & Nutrition Palatants SLAUGHTERHOUSES FRESH/FROZEN MEAT COLLECTION RENDERING PET FOOD INDUSTRY DOGS & CATS Antioxidants
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