This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this site. Copyright 2006, The Johns Hopkins University and Frances Stillman. All rights reserved. Use of these materials permitted only in accordance with license rights granted. Materials provided AS IS ; no representations or warranties provided. User assumes all responsibility for use, and all liability related thereto, and must independently review all materials for accuracy and efficacy. May contain materials owned by others. User is responsible for obtaining permissions for use from third parties as needed.
Tobacco Control Strategies I Frances Stillman, EdD Institute for Global Tobacco Control Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Background Section A
Conceptual Framework 4
Tobacco Wars Tobacco control Consumers Tobacco industry 5
Early Tobacco Control Individual approach using health promotion Smokers and potential smokers 6
Maturing Tobacco Control Environmental Influences Individual Influences Interaction Change in social and political structures, community norms and individual behavior 7
Why Tobacco Control? To reduce morbidity and mortality from tobaccorelated diseases Cancer (lung and other) Cardiovascular disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 8
Goal of Tobacco Control Programs Encourage smokers to quit Encourage smokers to reduce their exposure to harmful tobacco products Discourage smoking initiation Protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke 9
Dissemination of Health Consequences of Smoking 100 90 Population Level of Knowledge in the U.S., 1950 1990 Smoking causes lung cancer 80 70 % of Population 60 50 40 30 20 Smoking is hazardous to nonsmokers health 10 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Year Source: Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking. A Report of the Surgeon General. (1989). 10
Tobacco Control Approaches Lecture 1 Individual Approach Population/Social Environment Approach Policy Approach Lecture 2 Comprehensive Approach Product Regulation Litigation 11
Individual Approach Section B
Individual Approach Public information campaigns on health effects of smoking to motivate cessation Successful in increasing awareness of the disease risks associated with smoking Do not create substantial change in the behavior of regular smokers when used as an isolated smoking control strategy 13
Individual Approach Delivery of school-based health education curricula designed to prevent initiation by youth Information model Presumes that teaching adolescents that smoking is harmful will alter their smoking behavior Affective model Assumes that tobacco use is influenced largely by attitudes. Programs using this model attempt to enhance self-esteem and selfimage, teach stress management, and improve decision making 14
Individual Approach Information model Presumes that teaching adolescents that smoking is harmful will alter their smoking behavior Affective model Assumes that tobacco use is influenced largely by attitudes. Programs using this model attempt to enhance self-esteem and selfimage, teach stress management, and improve decision making Social influence model Gives students skills to resist smoking 15
Individual Approach Development of programs and clinics that smokers can use individually or in groups to improve the likelihood of long-term success with cessation attempts 16
Hospital-Based Individual Approach Self-help materials Image source: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/hospital.pdf accessed 2/23/06 17
More Self-Help Materials Image source: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/consorder.pdf accessed 2/23/06 Image source: http://www.smokefree.gov/index.asp accessed 2/23/06 18
Population/Social Environment Approach Section C
Population/Social Environment Approach Public opinion/community norms Community mobilization Preventing tobacco sales to minors Economic incentives 20
Importance of Community Norms People in a community tend to behave in ways that are sanctioned by the community Perceived community norms inform individuals about non-sanctioned and sanctioned behavior A community s structural rules are a strong manifestation of the community s norms The media are an important source of communicating community/societal norms 21
Community Mobilization Community interventions are highly effective To achieve change in a community, the target population must be involved in identifying the problem and planning and undertaking steps to correct it 22
Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation Community intervention trial for smoking cessation (COMMIT) Community-level, multi-channel, four-year intervention Increased quit rates for light-to-moderate smokers Did not increase quit rates of heavy smokers; reaching them may require new clinical programs and policy changes Source: Fisher, E. B. Jr. (1995, February). The results of the COMMIT trial. Community Interventon Trial for Smoking Cessation. Am J Public Health, 85(2), 159 160. 23
Preventing Tobacco Sales to Minors In the United States today, more than three million children under the age of 18 regularly smoke cigarettes or use smokeless tobacco More than half of all smokers begin before the age of 14, and 90% begin before the age of 19 An estimated 1 billion packs of cigarettes are sold to minors each year 24
Economic Incentives Higher excise taxes on cigarettes Insurance reimbursement for cessation program Insurance reimbursement for pharmacological treatment including nicotine replacement therapy Insurance premium differentials for smokers and nonsmokers 25
Policy Approach: Part I Section D
Policy Approach Taxation Clean indoor air policies Youth policy initiatives Advertising and promotion Warning labels Countermarketing Reimbursement of cessation and treatment 27
Pros and Cons of Policy Approach Pros Cons Powerful tool to promote behavioral change Changes can be immediate Educate/policy makers Community mobilization Can go too far lose public support Enforcement Time/energy/money TI opposition Need skilled people (legal, grassroots, media) 28
Taxation Introduction Threats to our business Philip Morris Excise tax Advertising restrictions Smoking restrictions Source: Philip Morris document site, Bates no. 2501213724. 29
Taxation: Increase the Price of Tobacco Increase the price of tobacco products Raise government revenue Earmark revenue for tobacco control Raising price lowers demand Addiction Price elasticity With each ten percent increase in price, consumption falls 3 5 percent Youths are 2 3 times more responsive to price increases than adults 30
Taxation: Arguments for and Against Arguments against Unfair/regressive Nanny state Smuggling Governments become dependent on revenue Rationale for Cheap way to save lives Raises revenue Is very effective 31
Impact of Increasing Price through Taxation Impact of increasing price through taxation Reduction of consumption, with greatest impact in low- and middle-income countries Increase in price of ten percent produces a four percent reduction in demand in highincome countries and eight percent in lowand middle-income countries Effect is most pronounced among youths Source: World Bank. (1999). Curbing the epidemic. 32
Price and Tax Increases Lower Consumption Impact of Increasing Price through Taxation Real price per pack (US$) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Cigarette Price and Consumption go in Opposite Trends. Real price of cigarettes and annual cigarette consumption per capita, Canada, 1989-1995 Tax reduced in an attempt to counter smuggling 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Annual cigarette consumption per capita (in packs) Real price Consumption Data source: World Bank. (1999). Curbing the epidemic. 33
Taxation Impact of Increasing Price through Taxation Real price of cigarettes and annual cigarette consumption per adult (15 years of age and above), South Africa, 1970-1989 0.09 1.3 Cigarette consumption per adult (in packs) 0.08 0.07 0.06 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 0.8 Real Price 0.05 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 Year 0.7 Real price Consumption Data source: World Bank. (1999). Curbing the epidemic. 34
Tax as Percentage of Average Retail Price Average Cigarette Price, Tax and Percentage of Tax Share per Pack, by World Bank Income Groups, 1996 Average price in US$ Average tax in US$ Tax as a percentage of price Average price or tax per pack (US$) 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Tax as a percentage of price 0.00 High income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low income 0 Countries by income Data source: World Bank. (1999). Curbing the epidemic. 35
Japan s Approach to Taxation Tobacco tax goal: over 800,000,000 yen. Buy a cigarette in our city. Image source: Institute for Global Tobacco Control 36
Arguments for and against Smoke-free Workplaces Arguments against Excessive regulation Will hurt business Arguments for and against smoke-free workplaces/public places Indoor air quality dependent on ventilation rather than on the elimination of smoking Data on secondhand smoke (SHS) is not conclusive Arguments for Health hazards of SHS Promotes smoke-free norm Assists quitting Sustains abstinence Reduces maintenance costs Reduces liability Reduces fires Image source: http://www.leominster-ma.gov/health_department_whats_new.htm accessed 2/24/06 37
Clean Indoor Air Policies Some countries with smoke-free laws Bhutan (100%) India (comprehensive bans) Ireland (100%) Norway (100%) New Zealand (100%) South Africa (comprehensive bans) Sweden (100%) Uganda (100%) 38
Clean Indoor Air Policies Remaining Challenges for Smoke-free Legislation Argentina Country National Smoking Regulations in Public Places Not regulated at the national level El Salvador Germany Philippines Romania Not regulated; prohibited only in Ministry of Health buildings Voluntary restrictions in institutions, government agencies, and transport companies Banned in schools and public transportation; Voluntary restrictions in hospitals and health care facilities Banned in hospitals, schools and on public transport; restricted in others 39
Japan s Approach to Smoke-free Smoking is prohibited on the street in Japan. A mobile smoking van, Smocar, provides a place for smokers in Japan to smoke. Children are also allowed into the van and given soft drinks. 40
Bhutan s Approach to Smoke-free Illegal to buy tobacco, sell it, or smoke anywhere in public May bring tobacco into the country for personal consumption, but only after paying 100 percent tax on the cost price. Can smoke tobacco only at home Only about one percent of the population is thought to smoke 41
Italy s Approach to Smoke-free On January 10, 2005, Italy implemented smoke-free workplace legislation for all workers, including restaurant and bar workers. - http://www.smokefree.net/italy/ 42
Policy Approach: Part II Section E
Youth Policy Initiatives Nearly ninety percent of adult smokers started before age 18 Image source: http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2003/111-14/forum.html retrieved 2/24/06 44
Youth Policy Initiatives Types of youth approaches School-based health education Media literacy Youth access restrictions Purchasing Possession Free sampling Vending machines FCTC Article 16 Continued 45
Pros and Cons for Youth Policy Initiatives Pros Youth are new smokers Broad political support 1990s tobacco framed as a pediatric disease Cons To impact youths must impact adults Need change in social norms Takes decades to impact mortality and morbidity 46
What We ve Learned about Youth Policy Initiatives It s unclear whether youth approach has decreased youth prevalence May take 100 percent compliance Social sources are important Youth access can galvanize community Youth possession laws are controversial 47
Comparing Campaign Effectivenss... exposure to the truth campaign positively changed youths attitudes toward tobacco, the Philip Morris campaign had a counterproductive influence. - Farrelly et. al. 2002. Source: Farrelly, M.C., C.G. Healton, K.C. Davis, P. Messeri, J.C. Hersey, M.L. Haviland. 2002. Getting to the truth: Evaluating national tobacco countermarketing campaigns. Am J Public Health 92: 901-907. 48
School-Based Programs Are Ineffective... no evidence that a school-based social influences approach is effective in the longterm deterrence of smoking among youth. Peterson et al. (2000) Source: Peterson, A.V., K.A. Kealey, S.L. Mann, P.M. Marek, I.G. Sarason. 2000. Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project: Long-Term Randomized Trial in School-Based Tobacco Use Prevention Results on Smoking Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Vol. 92, No. 24, 1979-1991. 49
Restrictions on Advertising and Promotion Selling athleticism Selling show biz Selling sex Selling fashion Selling beauty Selling freedom Selling prosperity The media like the money they make from our advertisements, and they are an ally that we can and should exploit. Philip Morris Selling death Each year, the tobacco industry spends billions of dollars on advertising, marketing and promotion. In the United States alone, where less than 5% of the world s smokers live, tobacco companies spent over $8.2 billion on advertising and promotion in 1999. 50
Direct Effects of Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Attracts new users to the market (increased initiation) Reduces current users willingness to leave market (reduced cessation) Stimulates use among current users (increased consumption by smokers) Induces former users to resume use (increased re-initiation) Source: Warner. (1986). Selling smoking: Cigarette advertising and public health. 51
Indirect Effects of Tobacco Advertising and Promotion Discourages full discussion of the health consequences of tobacco in media dependent on tobacco advertising Contributes to an environment where tobacco use is perceived to be more socially acceptable and less hazardous Creates political opposition to strong tobacco control policies among institutions receiving tobacco industry marketing dollars Increases market segmentation/brand proliferation Sources: Warner. (1986). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1989). Reducing the health consequences of smoking: 25 years of progress. A report of the Surgeon General. 52 Saffer. (2000). Tobacco advertising and promotion.
Advertising and Tobacco Use Logical arguments imply that increased advertising increases tobacco use Substantial evidence from survey research and experiments concludes that Cigarette advertising captures attention and is recalled Strength of interest is correlated with current or anticipated smoking behavior and initiation Sources: Warner. (1986). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1989). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1994). Preventing tobacco use among young people. A report of the Surgeon General. Chaloupka and Warner. (2000). The economics of smoking. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000). Reducing tobacco use. 53
Advertising and Tobacco Use: Other Empirical Research Other empirical research Youth who own tobacco company promotional items are more likely to become smokers 1 Youth smoking is much more responsive to advertising than adult smoking 2 Econometric studies generally find small or negligible impact of advertising on overall cigarette sales 3 Econometric methods are poorly suited for detecting impact of advertising on demand Sources: 1. Pierce et al. (1998); Biener and Siegel. (2000); Sargent et al. (2000). 2. Pollay et al. (1996). 3. Chaloupka and Warner. (2000); Saffer. (2000). 54
Comprehensive Ad Bans Reduce Consumption Trends in weighted cigarette consumption per capita in countries with a comprehensive ban compared with countries with no ban Comprehensive advertising bans reduce cigarette consumption Annual cigarette consumption per capita 1750 1700 1650 1600 1550 1500 1450 No ban Ban 1981 1991 Year Source: Saffer, H. The control of tobacco advertising and promotion. Background paper. 55
Restrictions on Advertising and Promotion Relatively comprehensive restrictions on advertising and promotion significantly reduce cigarette consumption Estimate more than a 6 percent reduction in consumption in response to comprehensive ban Limited/partial restrictions on advertising and promotion have little or no impact on cigarette consumption Induce substitution to other media and new promotional efforts Sources: Saffer. (2000). Chaloupka and Warner. (2000). Saffer and Chaloupka. (2000). Tobacco advertising: Economic theory and international evidence. Wakefield et al. (2000). Changes at the point-of-sale for tobacco following the 1999 tobacco billboard ban. 56
Warning Labels Image source: Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/tobac-tabac/legislation/label-etiquette/graph/index_e.html accessed 3/20/06 57
Warning Labels FCTC Article 12 warning labels should cover no less than 30 percent of the cigarette pack Side of pack: a box of at least 10% indicating yields of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide. Front: a health warning of at least 30% Back: a health warning of at least 40% Image source: http://europa.eu.int/comm/mediatheque/photo/select/tabac_en.htm accessed 3/20/06 58
Countermarketing Image source: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/mcrc/countermarketing/ accessed 3/20/06 59
Reimbursement of Cessation and Treatment Number of state Medicaid programs covering tobacco dependence treatments (2002) Tobacco dependence treatment 1998 2002 Zyban 24 40 Nasal spray & inhaler 17 28 Patch 15 27 Gum 16 26 Individual counseling 5 17 Group counseling 5 10 Telephone counseling 4 5 33% of Medicaid population are smokers An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure 60