Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 4(3): 238-244, 2008 2008, INSInet Publication Efficiency of Three Predatory Phytoseiid Mites and Biocide Chemical for Controlling Tetranychus urticae Koch on eggplant at Beheira Governorate 1 1 2 El-Saiedy, E.M.A., G.M.A. Abou-Elella and S.A.Alotaibi 1 Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo,Egypt. 2 Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of El-Taif K.S.A. Abstract: Utilization of three predatory mite species; Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henroit, Neoseiulus cucumeris Oudemans and Neoseiulus. californicus McGregor and biocide chemical for controlling the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch on two eggplant cultivars was carried out in open field. The population density of T. urticae on two eggplant cultivars was greatly reduced after the introduction of the above-mentioned predators and biochemical denatol. Key words: INTRODUCTION Eggplant is considered one of the important vegetable crops in Egypt, attacked by several pests and diseases. The two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch considered one of the major pest which attacks vegetable crops. Chemical control is the primary method used for control of ornamental [15,11,10] plant pests. However, frequent applications made to confined populations can lead to pesticideresistant pests. So, many problems caused by using chemical control against T. urticae and other pests on eggplant. To reduce these problems, it is necessary to minimize the chemical control. This work depends on the successful replacement pesticides by using biocides and [5,6] releasing predatory mites. So this work aimed to reduce chemical compounds for controlling T. urticae. Also, the aim of this present study, to obtain a product highly quality and quantity without any residual of pesticides. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Experimental Design: Four experimental treatments were used to study the effect of biological and chemical control, each treatment was replicated three times. The replicate consisted of three lines area for each, 5mx10m width, each for lines of eggplant plants in each replicate was 120 [4x10x3]. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks. Two cultivars of eggplant were chosen, Baladi and Black baity. The Experiment were carried out at Behera Governorate during the period of May to August 2005. Sampling Procedure: Samples were taken weekly for the four treatments and the two cultivars. Twenty leaves were randomly collected, kept into polyethylene bags, tightly closed with rubber bands, then kept in an ice box and transferred to laboratory for examination using a stereomicroscope. Eggs, immature and adults of T. urticae and predatory mites were counted and recorded Control studies of Tetranychus urticae: To study the effect of different types of control agent four treatments. The biological control by using three predaceous mites P. persimilis, N. cucumris and N. californicus, and biocide denatol were carried out on two cultivars of eggplant. These above-mentioned experiments compared with control. Rearing of T. urticae: Rearing of T. urticae was carried on potted beans Phaseolus vulgaris L. in an isolated compartment 1.5x2m experimental glasshouse. The strain of T. urticae was originated from infested leaves of castor oil collected at Giza Governorate Rearing of the Predatory Mites: The predatory mites P. persimilis and N. californicus were reared using methods modified from, large plastic boxes 26x15x10 cm were used, cotton pad was placed in the middle of each box, leaving a space provided with water as a barrier to prevent predatory mites from escaping. Excised bean leaves highly infested with T. urticae were provided every day as food source. Plastic boxes were kept in an incubator at 25 ± 2ºc and 70±5 R.H. Mass Rearing of the Predatory Mites: For mass rearing the predatory mites P. vulgaris was served as Corresponding Author: El-Saiedy, E.M.A., Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt 238
Table 1: Number of Tetranychus urticae Koch / leaf on two cultivars of eggplant affected by releasing three predatory mites and spraying with denatol at Behera Governorate during 2005 season. Mean numbers of T. urticae /leaf in treatments of Cultivars Sampling date --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- P. persimilis N. cucumers N. californicus Denatol control Black baity 14/5/2005 * 27.3 25.63 24.34 25.57 23.64 21 10.32 14.34 8.78 1.29 28.47 23 8.16 10.69 4.87 0.53 22.63 5/6/2005 ** 16.73 26.2 9.99 12.08 49.63 12 7.63 13.42 8.49 2.94 53.61 19 5.2 17.52 1.31 9.02 * 58.24 24 1.15 3.23 1.19 0.23 96.17 03/07/2005 0 5.33 0 1.9 69.83 10 0 3.89 0 0 128.35 17 0 6.35 0 0 118.3 24 0 3.36 0 0.2 68.86 31 0 0 0 0 53.66 08/08/2005 0 0 0 0 25.26 15 0 0 0 0 19.79 Mean 5.46 b 9.28 b 4.21 b 3.84 b 58.32 a Baldi 14/5/2005 * 10.16 9.77 10.68 10.26 9.43 21 5.54 4.83 3.12 0.55 11.65 28 3.06 8.39 2.5 1.22 10.23 5/6/2005 ** 17.05 14.4 10.31 9.33 16.81 12 9.08 12.41 5.1 1.53 18.17 19 2.5 10.41 0.26 13.77 * 19.07 24 0 2.8 0.53 0.63 61.97 03/07/2005 0 3.5 0 1.82 39.4 10 0 3.3 1.33 0 62.99 17 0 3.83 0 0.6 64.62 24 0 5.94 1.22 1.13 35.82 31 0 0 0 4.1 47.73 08/08/2005 0 0 0 1.9 23.4 15 0 0 0 3.25 21.65 Mean 3.39 b 5.68 b 2.50 b 3.58 b 32.35 a * pretreatment sample L.S.D. for Black baity = 13.4 L.S.D. for Baladi cultivar= 8.24 239
Table 2: Redaction percentage of Tetranychus urticae Koch / leaf on two cultivars of eggplant affected by releasing three predacious mites species spraying with denatol at Behera Governorate during 2005 season. % Reduction percentage of T.urticae / leaf Cultivars Sampling date --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- T1 T2 T3 T4 Black baity After 1W. 69.38 49.43 72.82 88.28 2W. 71.64 54.3 80.46 97.61 3W. 85.72 51.8 81.11 77.03 4W. 72.51 53.94 38.97 79.65 5W. 68.68 34.66 91.42 39.41 6W. 91.33 95.99 97.26 99.35 7W. 100 84.93 100 82.3 8W. 100 93.92 100 100 9W. 100 91.78 100 100 10W. 100 93.23 100 99.01 11W. 100 100 100 100 12W. 100 100 100 100 31W. 100 100 100 100 Mean 89.17 77.23 89.39 92.56 Baldi After 1W. 55.78 37.39 75.92 92.96 2W. 66.99 18.77 78.13 87.14 3W. 36.9 20.16 40.24 47.18 4W. 37.04 23.32 70.41 85.4 5W. 81.9 39.19 97.84 73.59 6W. 100 94.54 97.72 72.03 7W. 100 87.83 100 88.65 8W. 100 93.74 96.32 100 9W. 100 92.47 100 98.62 10W. 100 76.47 98.22 93.32 11W. 100 100 100 83.51 12 W. 100 100 100 87.55 31W. 100 100 100 70.38 Mean 82.97 67.95 88.83 83.06 host plant which reared in a small glasshouse divided into three isolated parts (a) clean bean plants, (b) clean plants at stage of 12 leaves infested with T. urticae (c) beans plants infested of five gravid females of the [5,6] predatory mites for every plant temperature in the glasshouse ranged a bout 18 25c and relative humidity from 50-60%. Releasing of the Predatory Mites: Releasing was started as the population density of T. urticae build up on eggplant. Samples averages from 20-25 individuals / leaf. The ratio between predator and prey ranged between 1.10to 1.7 respectively. The required population size of the predatory mites individuals were calculated according to the following formula: 240
Table 3: Weekly mean number of three predaory mits; P. persimilis, N.cucumers, N. californicus after their releaseon two eggplant cultivers in plastic house at Behera Governorate during 2005 season. Mean numbers of predatory mites Cultivars Weeks after treatment --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- P. persimilis N. cucumers N. californicus Black baity After 1W. 1.9 0.7 3.8 2W. 2.3 0.95 3.99 3W. 5.2 3.56 7.91 4W. 7.9 3.7 6.6 5W. 1.1 1.2 1.8 6W. 0.5 2.3 0 7W. 0.91 1.9 0 8W. 0 3.09 0 9W. 0 2.4 0 10W. 0 2.72 0 11W. 0 2.65 0 Mean 1.8 2.29 2.19 ---------------- Baldi After 1W. 1.5 0.5 2.6 2W. 1.9 0.99 2.8 3W. 4.13 2.98 8.33 4W. 4.72 4 3.58 5W. 0 1.5 1.4 6W. 0.4 1.4 0 7W. 0.7 1.2 0 8W. 0 3.35 0 9W. 0 4.45 0 10W. 0 2.01 0 11W. 0 2.43 0 Mean 1.21 2.26 1.7 Total number of T. urticae experimental area Released number = -------------------------------- Proposed predator / prey percentage Bean leaves with predators' mite were transferred in ice-box [10±3ºC] to eggplant fields. Distribution was carried out on infested eggplant plants. Repetitions of releasing, sample were taken weekly, T. urticae stages were calculated as well as the predatory mites. Statistical Analysis: The obtained data of mite numbers and yield quantity were subjected to the analysis of variance test [ANOVA] with mean separation at 5% level of significance according to the method of. Percentages of reduction of the mite population were calculated according to the equation of [9] [7] Henderson and Tilton, andfleming and Retnakaran. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Data presented in Table (1) and illustrated in Figs. (1&2) showed that the release and spraying with denatol were conducted on two eggplant cultivars on th the 14 May after planting seedling and when full grown plant leaf reached the completed size and when different stages of T. urticae number ranged from 24.34 241
Fig. 1: The number of Teranychus utricae Koch/leaf on Baldi cultivar of eggplant affected by releasing three predacious mites species and spraying with dental at Behar Governorate during 2005 season. Fig. 2: The number of Teranychus utricae Koch/leaf on Black baity cultivar of eggplant affected by releasing three predacious mites species and spraying with dental at Behar Governorate during 2005 season. to 27.3 individuals /leaf for cultivar, while for cultivar these number averaged 9.77 to 10.68 individuals /leaf. The three phytoseiid predatory mites, P. persimilis, N. cucumeris, N. californicus and denatol greatly reduced the number of T. urticae compared with unreleased (control). The total averages of T. urticae in release treatments and control were 5.46, 9.28, 4.21, 3.84 and 58.32 individuals/leaf for the aforementioned predators, denatol and the control, respectively. For Baldi cultivar, the total averages of T. urticae were 3.39, 5.68, 2.5, 3,58 and 32.35 individuals / leaf by releasing the predatory mites P. presimilis, N. cucumeris, N. californicus, denatol and the control, respectively. Also, data presented in table (2) and Fig (3) showed reduction percentages as a result of releasing the three predatory mites and spraying with biocide chemical. Spraying of denatol gave the highest reduction percentage of T. urticae 92.86 %, followed 242
Fig. 3: Redaction percentage Teranychus utricae Koch/leaf on two cultivars of eggplant affected by releasing three predacious mites species and spraying with dentol at Behar Governorate during 2005 season. by N. californicus, P. persmimilis and N. cucumeris where reduction percentages were 89.39, 89.17 and 77.23 of T.urticae, respectively. While the lowest reduction percentages were recorded by N. cucumeris 77.23 of T.urticae for eggplant cultivars Black baity. Here again, for eggplant cultivar (Baladi (, reduction percentages showed that releasing N. californicus, gave the highest reduction percentage followed by spraying with denatol and P. persimilis of T. urticae. these were 88.83, 83.06 and 82.97, respectively. But the lowest reduction recorded by N. cucumeris 67.95 for T. urticae. Similar results were [16] [17] reported by Rasmy and Ellaithy ; Waite ; Mori et [13] [14] [3,2] [12] al., Nicoli et al. ; El-Laithy Dwcou; Huygens ; [4] [8] [18] Mifsusd; El-Saiedy ; Heikal et al. ; Wait et al. ; [1] [5] Castanoli and Simoni and El-Saiedy. Data presented in table (3) showed that the total average numbers of the three released predators' mites on Black baity cultivar were 1.80, 2.29 and 2.19 individuals / leaf for the P. presimils, N. californicus and N. cucumeris, respectively. On the other hand, Baldi cultivar, reached the highest number at the 3 rd th and 4 weeks after release the three predatory mites. Three weeks after release the P. presimils and N. californicus gave the highest recorded (4.13 &8.38 individual / leaf for the above-mentioned predators, respectively. The over all mean of P. presimils, N. californicus and N. cucumeris were 1.27, 2.26 and 1.70 individual / leaf, respectively REFERENCES 1. Castagnoli, M. and S. Simoni, 2003. Neoseiulus californicus {McGregor}{Acari : Phytoseiidae}: survay of biological and behavioural traits of a versatile predator. Redia, 86: 153-164. 2. Dwcou, G.C., 1994. Biological control of the two spotted spider mite {Acarina:Tetranychidae }on commercial strawberriesin Florida with Phytoseiulus persimilis {Acarina: phytoseiidae}. Florida Entomologist. 77(1): 33-41. 3. El Laithy, A.Y.M., 1992. Some aspects on the use the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias Henriot for biological control of the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae koch in greenhouses in Egypt. J. Plant Dis. Prot., 99(1): 93-100. 4. El-Saiedy, E.M.A., 1999. Integrated control studies of Tetranychus urticae koch on Soybean plant. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Of Agric. Minufiya Univ., pp: 144. 5. El-Saiedy, E.M.A., 2003. Integrated control of red spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch on strawberry plants. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. of Agric. Cairo Univ., pp: 171. 6. El-Saiedy, E.M.A. and H.M. Romeih, 2007. Comparative studies between predatory mites and pesticides in controlling Tetranychus urticae Koch on strawberry plants at Qalubia Governorate. J. Agric. Sci. Mansoura Univ., 32(4): 2601-2608. 7. Fleming, R. and A. Retnakaran, 1985. Evaluating single treatment date using Abbotts formula with reference to insecticides. J. Econ. Ent., 78: 1179-1181. 8. Heikal, I.H., M.M. Fawzy, H.M. Ibrahim and G.A. Ibrahim, 2000. Preliminary studies on the release of the predatory mite phytoseiulus macropilis {Banks}on strawberry plant to control Tetranychus urticae koch Acari: Tetranchidae Phytoseiidae}. Egypt. J. Acaric. Res., 78(4): 1517-1523. 9. Henderson, C.E. and E.W. Tilton, 1955. Tests with acaricides against the brown wheat mites. J. Econ. Entomol., 84: 157-161. 243
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