CORESTA Congress 2014 Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany Water pipe tobacco smoking from the first idea to an International Standard
Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany Content Why? (Juergen Hahn) Introduction Information about the ISO TC 126 ad hoc group Water Pipe Conclusion How? (Nils Rose) Instrumentation and set ups
Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany Introduction Smoking of water Pipe, also known as shisha, hookahs or narghiles is a historical tradition in the culture of the countries in the Middle East and parts of Africa and Asia. Nowadays their usage is strongly increasing in western countries too.
Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany Introduction When asked if they had ever tried water pipe use, results are: 12% of youth aged 15-19, up from 6% in 2006 24% of young adults aged 20-24, up from 11% in 2006 (Canada Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey 2012) The Global Youth Tobacco Survey, a survey of more than half a million youth, aged between 13 and 15 years, found a net decrease in cigarette smoking prevalence between 1999 and 2008, but an increase in other forms of tobacco (attributed to water pipe) in 33 of the 97 global sites surveyed.
Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany About the Ad Hoc Group History of the ISO/TC 126 ad hoc group Water Pipe 1 st. meeting of the ad hoc group 2010, Berlin 2 nd. meeting of the ad hoc group 2012, Febr. Berlin 3 rd. meeting of the ad hoc group 4 th. meeting of the ad hoc group 5 th. meeting of the ad hoc group 2012, Nov. Berlin 2013, May Hamburg 2013, Oct. Istanbul
Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany About the Ad Hoc Group Members of the ad hoc group Members Mr. Jürgen Hahn Ms. Jutta Pani Dr. Anton Pachinger Ms. Feng Qian Dr. Derek Mariner Mr. Laurent Dutertre Dr. Nils Rose Dr. Jens Schubert Dr. Kamal Kumar Tyagi Dr. Damodar Reddy Mr. Samed al Qatarneh Prof. Alan Shihade Mr. Koenraad Roelstraete Dr. Michael Meger Ms. Ozlem Atak Mr. Irfan Dilsiz Mr. Murat Doganay Mr. Cemal Yildneli Mr. Tim Mason Dr. Krishna Prassat Member Body Project Leader (DIN) Austria Austria China (SACS) CORESTA France (AFNOR) Germany (DIN) Germany (DIN) India (ITC) India (CTRI) Jordan (Guest) Lebanon (WHO) Luxembourg (ILNAS) Switzerland (SNV) Turkey (TSE) Turkey (TSE) Turkey (TSE) Turkey (TSE) United Kingdom (BSI) United Kingdom (BSI) 20 members 9 member countries of ISO TC 126 2 member organizations; 1 Guest
Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany About the Ad Hoc Group Results of the ad hoc group: Working Draft "Water pipe tobacco smoking machine Definitions and standard conditions" (similar to ISO 3308) Working Draft "Water pipe tobacco products Determination of total and nicotine-free dry particulate matter using a routine analytical smoking machine" (similar to ISO 4387) Proposal for the design of a collaborative study (start in 2015)
Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany About the Ad Hoc Group Future work of the ad hoc group Test of the Working Drafts with some laboratories Organization of an collaborative study in 2015 Determination of CO in conjunction with the use of charcoal Questions about the charcoal; composition, emissions. Status of the ad hoc group
Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany Smoke Results Analyte WP-Smoke Cigarette (3R4F) WP-Smoke/Cig. ISO / HCI Nicotine, mg 3.09/Sr* 0.7-1.9/cig. CO, mg 329/Sr 11-31/cig. Benzo(a)pyrene, ng 15,7-307/Sr 6.7-16.8/cig. Formaldehyde, µg 55-111/Sr 20-67.6/cig. Acrolein, µg 10-17/Sr 56,7-169/cig. *Smoking run with 171 puffs Comparison of Water Pipe Smoke and Cigarette Smoke Smoking regime: Puff volume: 530 ml Puff duration: 2.6 sec Puff frequency: 3/min Water volume: 750 ml Tobacco weight: 10 gram Puff number: 171 Al Rashidi M., Shihadeh A., and Saliba N. Volatilealdehydesin the mainstream smoke of the narghile waterpipe. FCT, in press. E.Sepetdjian, A.Shihadeh, N. Saliba. Measurement of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in narghile waterpipe tobacco smoke. FCT,46, 2008, A.Shihadeh,R. Saleh. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, tar, and nicotine in the mainstream smoke. FCT, 43, 2005. A.Shihadeh, Investigation of the mainstream smoke aerosol of the argilehwater pipe. FCT, 41, 2003. Schubert, J. Hahn, Dettbarn, Seidel, Luch, Schulz, Mainstream smoke of water pipe; does this environment matrix reveal a significant source of toxic compounds? Toxicol. Lett., 205 (2011)( 279 Römer et al. Mainstream Smoke Chemistry, BTFI, vol. 25(1) S. 316 ff.
Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany Smoke Results Analyte WP-Smoke Cigarette (3R4F) WP-Smoke/Cig. ISO / HCI Nicotine, mg 3.09/Sr* 0.7-1.9/cig. does not make sense CO, mg 329/Sr 11-31/cig. Benzo(a)pyrene, ng 15,7-307/Sr 6.7-16.8/cig. Formaldehyde, µg 55-111/Sr 20-67.6/cig. Acrolein, µg 10-17/Sr 56,7-169/cig. *Smoking run with 171 puffs Comparison of Water Pipe Smoke and Cigarette Smoke Smoking regime: Puff volume: 530 ml Puff duration: 2.6 sec Puff frequency: 3/min Water volume: 750 ml Tobacco weight: 10 gram Puff number: 171 does not make sense does not make sense does not make sense does not make sense Al Rashidi M., Shihadeh A., and Saliba N. Volatilealdehydesin the mainstream smoke of the narghile waterpipe. FCT, in press. E.Sepetdjian, A.Shihadeh, N. Saliba. Measurement of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in narghile waterpipe tobacco smoke. FCT,46, 2008, A.Shihadeh,R. Saleh. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, tar, and nicotine in the mainstream smoke. FCT, 43, 2005. A.Shihadeh, Investigation of the mainstream smoke aerosol of the argilehwater pipe. FCT, 41, 2003. Schubert, J. Hahn, Dettbarn, Seidel, Luch, Schulz, Mainstream smoke of water pipe; does this environment matrix reveal a significant source of toxic compounds? Toxicol. Lett., 205 (2011)( 279 Römer et al. Mainstream Smoke Chemistry, BTFI, vol. 25(1) S. 316 ff.
Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany Conclusion of Part I Water Pipe smoking has grown populare because: Water pipe smoking can be used as a social tool It is a highly flavored product; apple, chocolate, grape...it smells good, it must be good... Of the FALSE common believe that WP-Smoke is not hazardous and has no effect, because the water captures the toxins featured in the tobacco In contrast to cigarette packs the negative effects of smoking are not highlighted that obvious on the products
Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany Conclusion of Part I Water Pipe smoking is not being healthier than cigarettes because: The filter performance of the water is overestimated The water cools the smoke down, it feels less harsh Inhaling WP-Smoke takes longer and is deeper than inhaling cigarette smoke The nicotine causes addiction The charcoal emits carbon monoxide, carcinogens and other toxins
Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany Conclusion of Part I Water Pipe smoking is not being healthier than cigarettes because: The filter performance of the water is overestimated The water cools the smoke down, it feels less harsh Inhaling WP-Smoke takes longer and is deeper than inhaling cigarette smoke The nicotine causes addiction The charcoal emits carbon monoxide, carcinogens and other toxins Sanitation concerns
Official Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Institute Sigmaringen, Germany Content Introduction Why? Introduction Information about the ISO TC 126 ad hoc group Conclusion How? Instrumentation and set ups
Instrumentation There are three essential elements and requirements for a machine smoking method: It should enable the product to be smoked mechanically under specified conditions in a reproducible and controlled manner. The smoke should be collected quantitatively and consistently. The smoke should be analysed in a reproducible manner.
Puff Generator Every standard or method is a technical agreement to characterize products for design and regulatory purposes. The aim is not to reproduce human use or behaviour. Robust, reliable and reproducable
Instrumentation The water pipe Heater The Puff generator The trapping system Checking devices Time counter Soap bubble flow meter Puff recorder
Water Pipe Technical requirements to the water pipe Defined design Standard components Inert material Simplified technology Easy to operate Easy to clean
Water Pipe 1. Water pipe tobacco holder 2. Head 3. Suction tube 4. Connection device 5. Bottle (ISO 4796-2 ) 6. Ash tray 7. Wind shield 8. Connection tube (not illustrated)
Water Pipe Water pipe tobacco holder 25 ml capacity (~10g) Anodized aluminium
Puff Generator A smoke regime is characterized by: Puff volume Puff duration Puff frequency Puff profile
Puff Generator The selected regime is following a study performed in Libanon*: Puff volume 530ml ± 10 ml Puff duration 2,6s ± 0,1 s Puff frequency 3/min Puff profile square wave * A. Shihadeh, S. Azar, C. Antonios, A. Haddad, Towards a topographical model of nargile water-pipe café smoking, Science direct, 2004
Puff Generator Max flow rate: 215 ml/s ± 25 ml/s V1 + V3 < 53 ml (= 10% puff volume)
Puff Generator Example of smoking machine for shisha tobacco
Checking Devices Time counter Puff duration Puff frequency Puff recorder Puff profile Flow meter Puff volume 2,6s ± 0,1 s 3/min square wave 530ml ± 10 ml
Puff Volume Check By water displacement (indirect) Soap bubble flow meter
Heating System Development of heater Why not charcoal? Temperature tests
Heating System Why not charcoal? The Standard is about water pipe tobacco testing Charcoal is adding CO and other compounds that cannot be separated No reference charcoal available Different mass Different burning behavior
Electrical Heating System Lowest variation Controlled heating power Controlled temperature Stable dimension No contribution from exogenous material (burning charcoal)
Electrical Heating System Measured temperature using charcoal: 230-240 C
Electrical Heating System Setting the heater to 240 C did not give comparable results Heat transfer is between the puffs During the puff the temperature is decreasing Charcoal has much higher temperature and heat up quicker Modifications: Increase of heater temperature Reducing distance Reducing air channels to 1mm to reduce moisture loss
Electrical Heating System Best results were achieved with: Heater temperature 280-290 C 5 min pre-heating Heater distance to tobacco 1mm The measure is: Smoke development in the bottle Tobacco condition after smoke run Compared to smoke runs with charcoal
Sample Conditioning Conditioning Water pipe tobacco products for testing should be stored at room temperature in sealed non-hygroscopic containers until smoke run preparation. Once opened, the products should be stored at 5 C to avoid the loss of volatile constituents. If for any reason test samples are to be kept for longer than 10 days before conditioning, store them in original packaging or in airtight containers just large enough to contain the sample. The testing atmosphere in the laboratory where the smoking is to be carried out shall be in accordance with ISO 3402.
Sample Preparation Nominal weight per sample is 10g German tobacco requires up to 17g Oriental tobacco could be less 10g
Sample Preparation German water pipe tobacco is restricted to 5% glycerin + 1,2-propandiol vs. oriental or asian tobacco that contains 20-40% glycerin Water pipe tobacco is more boiled than burnt the moisture is important for heat transfer German tobacco needs 15 min preheating to generate smoke Smoke run is finalized after ~120 puffs For proper smoking German tobacco needs to be moisted with 20% glycerin
Trapping System 92mm Cambridge filter pad Change after 35 puffs High water content Possible water break through Horizontal position recommended
Smoke Results 1450 mg TPM German tobacco 3390 mg TPM Oriental tobacco
Summary Standards are drafted Equipment is available Fine tuning of the method Sampling method is missing Sample preparation needs improvement r&r Study missing
CORESTA Congress 2014 Thank you very much!