Development Through a Gender Lens: Implications for Poverty Reduction and Energy Sector Strategies C. Mark Blackden Office of the Sector Director, PREM, Africa Region Biomass Energy Workshop February 26, 2003
Traditional Energy Traditional Energy Use (as % of total energy use) 100 75 50 25 0 ZIMBABWE GABON SENEGAL NIGERIA CAMEROON ANGOLA ZAMBIA SUDAN KENYA GHANA MALI UGANDA TANZANIA COTE D'IVOIRE CONGO D.R. Percent ETHIOPIA CHAD Percent Country Source: World Development Indicators, 2001.
I Gender Roles: Who Does What?
Gender Roles: 1 MARKET Labor Segmentation Key Characteristics MONETIZED ECONOMY PREDOMINANTLY MALE GOVERNED BY LAW Agriculture Industry, Services Informal Sector What do men and women contribute to the market economy (GDP)?
Uganda: Gender Intensity of Production Uganda: Structure of the Economy, 1997 Gender Intensity Contribution to GDP Share of of Production by Sector Sector GDP Women Men Women Men Source: Based on Elson and Evers 1997. (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) Agriculture 49.0 75.0 25.0 72.6 24.8 o/w: Food Crops 33.0 80.0 20.0 Traditional Exports 3.5 60.0 40.0 NTAEs 1.0 80.0 20.0 Industry 14.4 15.0 85.0 4.3 24.8 o/w: Manufacturing 6.8 n.a. n.a. Services 36.6 32.0 68.0 23.1 50.4 TOTAL: 100.0 Contribution to GDP: 50.6 49.4 100.0 100.0 Notes: Gender Intensity of Production - female and male shares of employment. NTAE = Non-Traditional Agricultural Exports.
Gender Roles: 2 Fuel and water provisioning Child care & health Food preparation What do men and women contribute to the household economy? HOUSEHOLD Labor Immobility Valued at 30-50% of GDP Key Characteristics UNPAID NON- MONETIZED PREDOMINANTLY FEMALE GOVERNED BY CUSTOM
The Double Workday of Women Benin: Weekly Work Hours by Task and Sex Principal Activity Livestock/Anim. husb. Maintenance/Rep. 1.3 0.1 3.6 4.6 17.3 24.8 Men Women Activity Ag. Prod. Transform. Fetching Wood Other Tasks 0.6 2.5 0.5 2.9 17.7 21.5 Fetching Water 0.9 7.0 Preparing Meals 0.6 11.3 TOTAL 50.0 67.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Hours Source: Benin --Time Allocation Study, UNDP, 1998
II Disaggregating Household Activities by Task and Gender
Zambia: Transport Tasks Domestic Agriculture Services & Social Domestic Travel Time (%) Women Men Other 96 1 3 19% 18% 63% 2.35 hours per adult female per day Source: Christina Malmberg-Calvo. 1994, Women in Rural Transport SSTP Working Paper No. 11. World Bank and ECA.
Water Provisioning 800 40 Women Hours 700 Men Hours 35 600 Other Hours 30 Hours/Year 500 400 300 Women Volume Men Volume Other Volume 25 20 15 Tonne-Km/Year 200 10 100 5 0 0 Ghana Tanzania Zambia Source: Christina Malmberg-Calvo. 1994, Women in Rural Transport SSTP Working Paper No. 11. World Bank and ECA.
Wood Fuel Provisioning 900 40 800 Women Hours Men Hours 35 Hours/Year 700 600 500 400 300 Other Hours Women Volume Men Volume Other Volume 30 25 20 15 Volume (in Tonne-Km/Year) 200 10 100 5 0 0 Ghana Tanzania Zambia Source: Christina Malmberg-Calvo. 1994, Women in Rural Transport SSTP Working Paper No. 11. World Bank and ECA.
III Policy Implications for Poverty Reduction and Energy Sector Development Strategies
Key Policy Implications: 1 Because gender disparities persist in access to and control of human, economic, and social assets gender-based inequality limits economic growth and diminishes the effectiveness of poverty reduction efforts
Closing the gender gap in schooling 4 boosts economic growth Actual growth rate Average annual growth in per capita GNP, 1960-1992 (percent) 3 2 1 Projected growth rate 0 Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Middle East/North Africa Source: Engendering Development (PRR) 2001, in WDR 2000/01, Attacking Poverty.
Key Policy Implications: 2 Because household and market economies co-exist & are interdependent... trade-offs and linkages are very significant
MARKET Labor Segmentation Key Characteristics MONETIZED ECONOMY PREDOMINANTLY MALE GOVERNED BY LAW Interdependent GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR ACCESS & CONTROL OF RESOURCES LABOR SUPPLY HOUSEHOLD Labor Immobility Valued at 30-50% of GDP Key Characteristics UNPAID NON- MONETIZED PREDOMINANTLY FEMALE GOVERNED BY CUSTOM
Invisible? MARKET Labor Segmentation Key Characteristics MONETIZED ECONOMY PREDOMINANTLY MALE GOVERNED BY LAW
Invisible? MARKET Labor Segmentation Key Characteristics MONETIZED ECONOMY PREDOMINANTLY MALE GOVERNED BY LAW ENERGY NEEDS OF THE HOUSEHOLD?
Key Policy Implications: 3 Significance of the Household Economy for the Energy Sector Double workday: 5+ hours/day for women in domestic tasks Highly energy-intensive, low labor productivity, inefficient Health dimensions: headloading, environmental health
Women s Minutes/Day by Task 160 140 120 100 Water Fuelwood Mill Total 80 60 40 20 0 Ghana Tanzania Zambia Source: Christina Malmberg-Calvo. 1994, Women in Rural Transport SSTP Working Paper No. 11. World Bank and ECA.
Different Transport Burdens (Tonne-Km/Year by Sex) Water Fuel 40 40 Tonne-Km/Year 35 30 25 20 15 Water Women Water Men Water Other Tonne-Km/Year 35 30 25 20 15 Fuel Women Fuel Men Fuel Other 10 10 5 5 0 Ghana Tanzania Zambia 0 Ghana Tanzania Zambia Country Country Source: Christina Malmberg-Calvo. 1994, Women in Rural Transport SSTP Working Paper No. 11. World Bank and ECA.
The Last Straw Time required to prepare maize by manual methods: 13 hours to pound enough maize to feed a family for between four and five days A woman spends 4-5 hours every day to prepare the food her family eats this is twice the time it takes the villagers to grow and gather food and cash crops
HIV Prevalence Rate (in Percent) 60 50 40 30 20 10 Men 1999 HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates by Age (15-24) Women 1999 Men 2001 and Gender, Selected Women 2001 Trends in HIV Prevalence Rates 1999-2001, by Age (15-24) and Gender, Selected SSA Countries SSA Countries 0 UGANDA NIGERIA D.R. CONGO TANZANIA ETHIOPIA RWANDA MALAWI Sources: For 2001: UNAIDS, Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, 2002. For 1999: UNAIDS Country Data Source: Source: Files, UNAIDS, June UNAIDS, 2000. www.unaids.org June June 2000. 2000. KENYA MOZAMBIQUE Country ZAMBIA NAMIBIA SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE BOTSWANA SWAZILAND LESOTHO
Key Policy Implications: 4 Still a fuel crisis? Mali: 1 m 3 per person per year required for fuel Equivalent of 7 hawooded land National average: > 1ha/person Population 7x too great? When there is no wood? Animal dung and agricultural waste 30% of domestic fuel Loss of soil fertility and output
IV A Different Agenda for Gender-Responsive Poverty Reduction and Energy Sector Development Strategies
Engendering Priority Actions Gender-inclusive participation in setting poverty reduction policy and investment priorities: gender budget initiatives inclusion in policy fora (PRSP) Gender-inclusive investment in propoor growth with focus on agriculture and the informal sector Concurrent investment in genderinclusive human development education, skills, health, nutrition, fertility
Concurrent Investment in the Household Economy Energy: woodfuel and alternatives Improved cookstoves (health benefits) Low forms of energy pollution (PRSP) Water & sanitation Prioritize domestic technology Labor-saving technology for food product processing/transformation Transport: footpaths & IMT Access for men and women commensurate with their transport responsibilities
Water and fuel investments Investments in water and fuel infrastructure significantly reduce time on collection activities significantly reduce collection time Potential average annual time savings Annual time savings (hours per household) 600 400 200 Potable water within 400m Woodlots within 30 mins walk 0 Lusaka Rural (Zambia) Kaya (Burkina Faso) Mbale (Uganda) * Kasama & Dedougou already within the target for water. Source: Barwell 1996, in Engendering Development, PRR, 2001. Kasama* (Zambia) Dedougou* (Burkina Faso)