Blood and Hemopoiesis ZHong Jie Li ( 李仲杰 ) Department of Histology & Embryology School of Medicine, Zhejiang University 18.3.19
Blood routine test:
Introduction a special C.T. a circulating tissue as a transporting medium a total volume about 5 L in health adult
1. Components: ---plasma: 55%, PH 7.3-7.4 plasma ---blood cells: 45% RBC: Normally ~45% consists of red cells. WBC: The leukocytes and platelets constitute only 1% of blood volume (Buffy Coat). leukocytes and platelets erythrocytes
1 Plasma: 90% water Contain: plasma protein (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen) lipid protein enzymes, hormone, vitamin, inorganic salt and products of metabolism
* Serum: is plasma in which the fibrinogen has been removed by clotting without anticoagulant Serum Clotting
2 Blood cells Red blood cell: erythrocyte White blood cell: leukocyte Platelets
Blood smear: Wright or Giemsa stain methods Hemogram: 血象
2. Cells
(1)erythrocyte: red blood cell ---normal concentration: (4.2-5.5)X10 12 /L in male (3.5-5.0)X10 12 /L in female ---life span: 120 days ---Function: combine and transfer Oxygen (O 2 ) and Carbon dioxide (CO 2 )
---structure: biconcave discs in shape 7.5-8.5 µm in diameter, 1-2µm thick no nucleus and organell quite flexible filled with hemoglobin (Hb) --- normal Hb : 120-150g/L in male 105-135g/L in female
Erythrocyte membrane skeleton: Components: Spectrin ( 血影蛋白 ) actin( 肌动蛋白 ) band 4.1 --- 4.9 tropomyosin( 原肌球蛋白 ) glycophorin( 血型糖蛋白 ) Function: maintain shape Hemolytic: 溶血 ; erythrocyte ghost: 血影 ;
* reticulocyte: 网织红细胞 immature red blood cell remained ribosome: delicate network structure when stained with brilliant cresyl blue( 煌焦油蓝 ) 0.5-1% of total erythrocyte population or 3-6% in neonate
ABO Blood Group System: transfusion reaction: 输血反应 ;
Pathological condition Number Anemia( 贫血 ) Erythrocytosis Size Shape Hb Large / small cell anemia Spherocytosis ; Sickle cell anemia 球形红细胞症镰状细胞性贫血 Thalassemia 地中海贫血
*anemia( 贫血 ): is defined clinically as a decrease in the Concentration of hemoglobin in the blood. RBC <3.0X10 12 /L or Hb <100g/L Hereditary spherocytosis ( 遗传性球形红细胞血症 ) Hereditary elliptocytosis ( 椭圆形红细胞增多症 ) Hereditary stomatocytosis ( 口形红细胞增多症 )
(2) leukocyte ---a group of large cells with nucleus ---involve in defense and immune reaction ---normal concentration: (4.0-10) X10 9 /L ---classification: granulocytes: agranulocytes: neutrophil eosinophil basophil lympocyte monocyte
1 neutrophil: 50-70% of total leukocyte population ---structure: LM: round, 10-12µm in diameter rod-liked or polymorphous nucleus, 2-5 lobes fine neutrophilic granules lightly pink cytoplasm
EM: specific granule: 特殊颗粒 80%, secretory granules small, ovoid or irregular contain: lysozyme, phagocytin (defensin) azurophilic granule: 嗜天青颗粒 20%, lysosome large, round or ovoid electron dense contain: acid phosphatase; peroxidase
---function: actively mobile and phagocytic specific granule.-kill bacterium azurophilic granule.- digest bacterium Neutrophils are one of the most important lines of defence against bacterial infection. ---life span: in blood 6-8 hours, in CT 2-3 days
Phagocytose of neutrophils
2 eosinophil: 0.5-3% of total leukocyte population ---structure: LM: round,10-15 µm in diameter 2 lobes nucleus rough bright red granules -acidophilic granules
EM: --- granules: lysosome round or ovoid with cube-liked electron dense crystal contain: --- histaminase --- arylsulfatase ( 芳香基硫酸酯酶 ) --- Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP, 阳离子蛋白 )
---function: counteract the infection of parasite( 寄生虫 ) reduce allergic reaction ---life span: in blood 6-8 hour, in CT 8-12 days
3 basophil: 0-1% of total leukocyte population ---structure: LM: round, 10-12 um S shaped or irregular nucleus Large, dark blue granules-basophilic granules
EM: Granules: secretory granules contains: heparin Histamine acidophil chemotactic factor ---function: precise function is unknown involve in allergic reaction ---life span: 10-15 days
Basophilic granulocyte
4 monocyte: 3-8% of total leukocyte population ---structure: LM: large round, 14-20µm nucleus appear as kidney, horse-shoe or ovoid in shape cytoplasm: gray-blue in color, contain azurophilic granules
EM: azurophilic granule: contains: peroxidase, lysozyme ---function: actively mobile and chemotaxis. ---life span: in blood 1-5 days entering CT, monocyte differentiate into macrophage- mononuclear phagocyte system
monocyte:
5 lymphocyte: 20-30% of total leukocyte population ---structure: LM: round, a large number small LC 6-8 um, a small number of medium-sized LC 9-12 um round nucleus appears as spot-liked and electron-dense cytoplasm: less, basophilic--bright blue in color, contain azurophilic granules
EM: free ribosome mitochondria RER ---classification: T-lymphocyte: 75% B-lymphocyte: 10-15% medium-sized Lymphocyte: KC (killer cell) and NKC( nature killer cell), 10% ---function: involve in immune response
Lymphocyte
(3) blood platelet: ---source:;cytoplasmic fragment of megakaryocyte in bone marrow ---normal number: 100-300 10 9 /L ---structure: LM: disc-liked, 2-4um, irregular in shape Granulomere( 颗粒区 ): central Hyalomere ( 透明区 ) : peripheral in groups
EM: ---tubular systems: opening tubule system- increasing the exchange area, facilitate the intaking and releasing dense tubule system- SER, collecting calcium and synthesizing prostaglandin ---granules: specific granule: mediate electron density, with dense core, contains clotting factor, fibrinogen, acidic hydrolase dense granule: electron dense, contains serotonin, ADP,ATP, Ca 2+ and adrenalin
(EM) Blood platelet 特殊颗粒 (LM) Blood platelet
---function: involve in clotting and stopping the bleed: ---aggregation ---release components of granule, make thrombinogen become into thrombin, then later make fibrinogen become into fibrin protecting endothelium and take part in repairing of endothelium
Specifically name the indicated cell???
Specifically name the indicated cell cell???
二 Hemopoiesis The process by which blood cells are formed is termed hemopoiesis. Hemopoietic organ: yolk sac: blood island liver and spleen: bone marrow: the predominant hemopoietic tissue
血细胞发生 (Haemopoiesis) 造血器官 胚胎 : 卵黄囊壁的血岛生后 : 肝脏 脾 胸腺 红骨髓 造血组织 土壤 - 造血微环境 种子 -HSC, 各级血细胞 血窦
1. Bone marrow: Red bone marrow: --- hemopoietic tissue and sinusoid Yellow bone marrow: rich in adipose tissue
---Structure of red bone marrow: ---hemopoietic tissue: reticular tissue, hemopoietic cell Stromal cell: macrophage, fibroblast, stem cell, reticular cell endothelium,adipocyte, et al. --- sinusoid: capillary
* hemopoietic inductive microenvironment ( HIM): The environment for hemopoietic cell growth and development. ---function: support and regulate the proliferation and differentiating of hemopoietic cells
2. Hemopoietic stem cell and hemopoietic progenitor cell 1hemopoietic stem cell (HSC): multi-potential stem cell --- originated from yolk sac, constitutes about 0.5% of total bone marrow cells ---feature: --- strong potential to proliferation multi-differentiated ability --- ability to copy itself: keep certain number
2hemopoietic progenitor cell (HPC): committed stem cell ---originated from hemopoietic stem cell ---forming colony forming unit (CFU) under the regulate of colony stimulating factor (CSF)
3 General regulation of hemopoietic processes: ---main steps: The problast stage ( 原始阶段 ) The blast stage (immature stage)( 幼稚阶段 ) The mature stage( 成熟阶段 )
stages in the development of blood cells
--- Changes in structure and properties of hemopoietic cells during differentiation Size of cell become smaller and smaller Nucleus become smaller and smaller or disappears --- Chromatin: from fine and loose to rough and dense Cytoplasm: -more and more -basophilic: weaker and weaker -specific granule: more and more Ability to division: from have to no, but keep the potentials
Proerythroblast orthochromatophilc erythroblast basophilic erythroblast Reticulocyte polychromatophilc erythroblast Mature erythrocyte
Leukemia commonly known as the blood cancer. For malignant tumour of the hematopoietic system. a large number of immature, abnormal WBC present in the bone marrow, peripheral blood and other organs. Normal WBC, RBC, Plt decrease, cause infection, anemia, bleeding and liver, lienal, lymph node enlargement, etc.
Key points: The composition of blood The classification, structure and function of the peripheral blood cells The structure of red bone marrow Development and morphologic changes of hematopoietic cells
1. 血液由 和 组成 2. 成熟红细胞无, 也无, 胞质内充满 3. 水进入红细胞过多可导致红细胞破裂, 血红蛋白逸出称 4. 中性粒细胞胞质内嗜天青颗粒含有 和 5. 单核细胞占白细胞总数, 是白细胞中体积 的细胞, 胞质呈, 胞质内含许多细小, 该颗粒内除含水解酶外, 还有 和 等 6. 血小板正常值为 它是骨髓中 的胞质脱落下来的小块, 故无, 表面有完整的