Cognitive, Conative and Behavioral Neurology

Cognitive, Conative and Behavioral Neurology

Michael Hoffmann Cognitive, Conative and Behavioral Neurology An Evolutionary Perspective

Michael Hoffmann MD, PhD Professor of Neurology Orlando VA Medical Center University of Central Florida Orlando, FL, USA ISBN 978-3-319-33179-9 ISBN 978-3-319-33181-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33181-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016942546 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

For my wife Bronwyn, daughter Jenna Leigh and son Michael

Preface Human mind disorders are both fascinating and manifold in their presentations. The vast panoply of cognitive and behavioral syndromes spans several clinical disciplines, principally neurology, psychiatry, and psychology, each with their distinctive cultural and methodological approaches. Each discipline has made pivotal contributions in understanding the science of the mind. Yet their areas of concentrations across syndromes, disease states, and brain circuitry differ. What is becoming more pertinent today is the crossdisciplinary approach to patient diagnosis, treatment, and care. That premise is a primary focus of the book with the hope of fostering closer ties and collaborations amongst the primary clinical brain disciplines. A unifying concept and approach is welding of the known syndromes into evolutionary origins. Evolutionary medicine has been touted as the most important basic science. By deciphering the origins of our anatomy, physiology, and brain circuitry and how they were exapted from prior structures goes a long way to understanding some of the more perplexing higher cortical function disorders. Einstein once retorted to the question; How did you come up with the theory of relativity? By ignoring an axiom! So it is today, with the study of the human mind. Until very recently everyone knew that we acquired bigger brains than apes, from which greater intelligence flowed and we then started making tools. Because our hands had to be freed up, this inaugurated bipedality. However, the reverse is true. We walked before we thought. Current evidence even suggests we spent over a million years in water, wading, fishing, swimming and in the process acquired unique attributes such as substantial fat layers, a tenfold adipocyte increase, nakedness, a descended larynx, and large sinuses in addition to bipedality. Such evolvement is critical to understanding how the brain circuitry evolved and our minds. Hence the evolutionary perspective on human cognition, conation, and behavior. Orlando, FL, USA Michael Hoffmann vii

Acknowledgments The authors publications and images included in the figures were derived from four separate IRB approved cognitive stroke registries using cognitive vascular disorders as the brain lesion model. 1. The NIH-NINDS Stroke Data Bank (New York) Under the following contracts; N01-NS 2-2302, N01-NS-2-2384, N01-NS-2-2398, N01-NS-2-2399, N01-NS-6-2305N01-NS 2-2302, N01-NS-2-2384, N01-NS-2-2398, N01-NS-2-2399, N01-NS-6-2305 Status of stroke research fellow (1990-1991) 2. The Durban Stroke Data Bank. IRB approval University of Natal, Durban, South Africa (memorandum dated signed) Status: Principal Investigator (1992 1998) 3. The USF-TGH Stroke Registry. IRB # 102354 (University of South Florida) Status: Principal Investigator (2002 2006) 4. The USF-Cognitive Stroke Registry. IRB # 106113 (University of South Florida) Status: Principal Investigator (2007 2010) Additional notice regarding references 1. Source article for frontal chapter: Open source article updated and adapted from: Hoffmann M. The human frontal lobes and frontal network systems: an evolutionary, clinical, and treatment perspective. ISRN Neurol. 2013;2013:892459. doi: 10.1155/2013/892459. Epub 2013 Mar 14.PMID: 23577266. Free PMC Article 2. Source article for neuroradiology and treatment: Open source article updated and adapted from: Hoffmann M. The human frontal lobes and frontal network systems: an evolutionary, clinical, and treatment perspective. ISRN Neurol. 2013;2013:892459. doi: 10.1155/2013/892459. Epub 2013 Mar 14.PMID: 23577266. Free PMC Article 3. Source article for part of the introductory remarks: From PhD thesis, Department of Behavioral Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, April 2014 ix

Contents 1 Introduction... 1 2 Cognitive Archeology, Cognitive Neurology, and the Unraveling of the Connectome: Divulging Brain Function from Fractured Skulls and Fractured Minds... 11 3 Neurochemistry... 35 4 Vision: Elementary and Complex Visual Processing... 51 5 Temporal Lobe Syndromes... 83 6 Memory Syndromes... 99 7 Left Hemisphere Syndromes: Apraxias... 131 8 Parietal Lobe Syndromes... 145 9 Right Hemisphere Syndromes... 157 10 Language, Aphasias, and Related Disorders... 187 11 Acquired Cultural Circuits... 221 12 Frontal System Syndromes... 247 13 Neuroimaging and Treatments Perspectives... 297 Index... 313 xi