The Real Value of Canola Meal Essi Evans Technical Advisory Services Inc Brittany Dyck Canola Council of Canada
Canola Survey: 2011 Commissioned to assess awareness of canola meal by the dairy industry, and needs of the dairy industry with respect to protein feeding Conducted 14 phone interviews Conducted on- line survey of industry nutritionists
Issues With Canola High soluble protein No branded products available
Unexplained Features Noted by Users I replaced soy pound for pound, and have been cleaning up in the market I can t explain it- it just works I can replace soy protein with canola protein, and save money
Unexplained Features Noted by Users Much of the research into canola for dairy was dated A few newer studies corroborated nutritionist s findings
Brito et al, J. Dairy Sci, 90-1828- 1839, 2007 Diets formulated to 16.5% crude protein Compared urea, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and canola meal 2 week adjustment and 6 week feeding period Values on paper for RUP (% of protein) lowest for Canola meal
Brito et al, J. Dairy Sci, 90: 1828-1839, 2007 Measurement Added Protein Source Urea Soybean Cottonseed Canola Meal Meal Meal Percent of dry matter 1.9 12.1 14.1 16.5 Microbial protein, g/day 2340 2710 2710 2780 RUP, g/day 540 990 1350 1150 Protein entering intestine, g/day 2880 3700 4060 3930 Dry matter intake, Lb/day 48.7 54.3 54.5 54.9 Milk yield, Lb/day 72.5 88.2 89.3 90.6 Protein yield, Lb/day 2.03 2.71 2.60 2.80 Fat Yield, Lb/day 2.23 2.69 2.60 2.84
Mulrooney et al., J. Dairy Sci 92:5669-5676, 2009 Provided diets with 15% crude protein Mixtures of canola meal and distillers grains Replicated Latin Square design
Mulrooney et al., J. Dairy Sci 92:5669-5676, 2009 Diet Canola meal 2/3 CM 1/3 CM DDGS Dry matter intake, lb. 55.4 55.9 57.0 55.2 Milk, lb. 77.4 78.8 77.9 75.5 Fat,% 3.81 4.05 3.97 3.87 Fat, lb. 2.95 3.19 3.01 2.90 Protein, % 3.05 3.06 3.06 3.01 Protein, lb. 2.37 2.42 2.31 2.26 Energy corrected milk, lb. 80.7 84.5 79.2 78.5 ECM/DMI 1.46 1.53 1.42 1.44 MUN 7.10 7.56 7.63 7.25
Huhtanen et al., Can. J. Anim. Sci 91:529-543, 2011 Reviewed 122 experiments comparing canola to soy For every unit increase in crude protein intake, milk yield response was greater with canola Data did not support the higher tabulated ruminal CP degradability of CM compared with SBM most feed evaluation systems overestimate metabolizable protein concentration of SBM relative to CM
Results Results obtained with canola meal were better than predicted by models Research was needed to determine the true value of canola meal
Canola Science Cluster Canola Council supported new research to investigate the use of the meal in dairy rations Recent research continues to support user findings
The Soluble Protein Issue Canola has more soluble protein than some other vegetable proteins Research conducted since NRC was published shows that the terms soluble and degradable are not interchangable Not all methods give exactly the same results, but relative RUP rankings of meals end up the same
Accessibility of Soluble Components Sample Protein Peptide Free AA NH3 Distillers 20 70 10 0 Canola 60 40 0 0 Soybean meal 55 40 5 0 Linseed meal 66 33 0 0 Alfalfa hay 50 32 15 3 Legume silage 0 20 70 10 Uden et al, 2009
Degradation of the Soluble Protein Fraction Rate of Degradation of the Soluble Fraction, %/hr Effective Protein Degradability, % of the Soluble Fraction Ingredient Casein (milk protein) 100 85 Wheat distillers grains 62 79 Solvent extracted soybean meal 46 73 Peas 39 71 Lupins 34 56 Expeller canola meal (rapeseed) 19 44 Solvent extracted canola meal 19 44 Expeller linseed meal (flax) 18 46 Hedqvist and Uden (Anim. Feed Sci Technol. 126:1-21, 2006)
Typical Values Soybean Meal Canola Meal RDP, % of CP 57.6 46.9 RUP, % of CP 42.4 53.1 CP, % DM basis 53.8 41.5 RUP, % of DM 22.8 22.2 Metabolizable protein, % of DM 21.2 18.9
Van Amburgh, CNCPS 6.5 Method Soybean Meal Canola Meal RDP, % of CP 44.8 39.8 RUP, % of CP 55.2 60.4 CP, % DM basis 50.3 41.8 RUP, % of DM 27.7 25.3 Metabolizable protein, % of DM 25.5 20.9
Broderick, fit to NRC Method Soybean Meal Canola Meal Soluble Protein, % of CP 21.8 26.1 Rate, %/hr 30 15 Insoluble protein, % of CP 78.2 73.9 Rate, %/hr 16 9 Blended Rate 18.5 9.8 RUP at Kp of 6%/hr 34.0 44.1 Meal crude protein, % of DM 53.8 41.5 RUP, % of DM 18.3 18.3 Metabolizable protein, % of DM 16.9 14.3
Large Herd Results Side by side study conducted in California Comparison of canola and DDGS as the major source of protein Findings similar to Mulrooney study
Swanepoel et al., J. Dairy Sci Vol 96: Abstr. 2305 Distillers Blend 1 Blend 2 Canola Corn Distillers, % of ration dry matter 20 13.4 6.6 0 Canola meal, % of ration dry matter 0 6.6 13.4 20 Milk yield, lbs./cow/day 99.1 104.5 105.5 104.4 Milk fat yield, lbs. 3.45 3.63 3.60 3.52 Milk true protein yield, lbs. 2.88 3.07 3.10 3.06 Dry matter intake, lbs./cow/day 24.1 24.3 24.8 24.3 Milk/feed 1.87 1.95 1.94 1.95
Compared to Wheat Distillers Wheat distillers grains have less soluble protein and more total protein than corn distillers grains
Mutsvanga et al., J. Dairy Sci 97 (Suppl 1): Abstr. 1688 15% Crude Protein Diet 17% Crude Protein Diet Canola Meal W- DDGS Canola Meal W- DDGS DM intake, lb/d 69.0 69.6 68.1 69.4 Milk yield, lb/d 95.2 92.8 97.2 95.0 Fat, % 3.53 3.51 3.48 3.41 Fat yield, lb/d 3.33 3.24 3.31 3.26 Protein, % 3.22 3.25 3.26 3.23 Protein yield, lb/d 3.06 3.00 3.13 3.06 Milk urea- nitrogen, mg/dl 14.6 15.2 20.3 19.0 Feed Efficiency, Milk/DMI 1.38 1.33 1.42 1.37
Canola and Soy and 3 Forage Mixes Six diets compared in randomized block study 3 forage mixes, 60% forage in diets: 50% alfalfa silage + 10% corn silage 30% alfalfa silage + 30% corn silage 10% alfalfa silage + 50% corn silage
Faciola et al., J. Dairy Sci 96 (Suppl. 1): Abstr. 470 Alfalfa Silage to Corn Silage Ratio 5:1 1:1 1:5 Dry- Matter Intake, lbs. 52.1 52.8 51.5 Milk Yield, lbs. 76.1 81.8 85.1 Fat % 4.09 3.99 3.82 Fat Yield, lbs. 3.10 3.27 3.23 Protein % 2.96 3.02 3.07 Protein Yield, lbs. 2.24 2.46 2.62 Energy- Corrected Milk, lbs. 74.6 80.0 81.8 Feed Efficiency a 1.43 1.52 1.59 Milk Urea Nitrogen, mg/dl 13.8 13.2 13.4
Faciola et al., J. Dairy Sci 96 (Suppl. 1): Abstr. 470 Protein Source Soybean meal Canola meal Dry- Matter Intake, lbs. 51.7 52.4 Milk Yield, lbs. 80.0 82.1 Fat % 4.00 3.94 Fat Yield, lbs. 3.19 3.21 Protein % 3.02 3.02 Protein Yield, lbs. 2.41 2.47 Energy- Corrected Milk, lbs. 78.3 79.4 Feed Efficiency a 1.51 1.52 Milk Urea Nitrogen, mg/dl 14.0 12.9
Results Independent of Forage Level Replicated 4 * 4 Latin Square Forage in diets replaced by high NDF byproducts 15% protein diets, with canola as the main source of protein
Schuler et al., J. Dairy Sci 96 (Suppl. 1): Abstr. Dietary Forage Level, % 42 50 58 66 Dry- Matter Intake, lbs. 61.8 59.4 56.8 54.6 Milk Yield, lbs. 88.2 88.9 89.8 86.0 Fat % 3.17 3.22 3.37 3.52 Fat Yield, lbs. 2.77 2.81 2.97 3.01 Protein % 2.98 3.00 2.96 2.94 Protein Yield, lbs. 2.61 2.66 2.64 2.51 Energy- Corrected Milk, 83.6 84.5 86.9 85.1 lbs. Feed Efficiency a 1.36 1.44 1.54 1.57 Milk Urea Nitrogen, mg/dl 8.30 9.00 8.40 8.90
Why is Canola Meal Helping? Higher RUP than previously thought Lower MUN suggests better efficiency
Brito et al, J. Dairy Sci, 90: 1828-1839, 2007 Added Protein Source Measurement Urea Soybean Meal Cottonseed Meal Canola Meal Percent of dry matter 1.9 12.1 14.1 16.5 Microbial protein, g/day 2340 2710 2710 2780 RUP, g/day 540 990 1350 1150 Protein entering intestine, g/day 2880 3700 4060 3930 Dry matter intake, Lb/day 48.7 54.3 54.5 54.9 Milk yield, Lb/day 72.5 88.2 89.3 90.6 Protein yield, Lb/day 2.03 2.71 2.60 2.80 Fat Yield, Lb/day 2.23 2.69 2.60 2.84 Lysine entering intestine, g/day 147 194 196 204 Methionine entering intestine, 51 68 70 74 g/day
Estimating Amino Acid Requirements The primary source of amino acids is derived from microbial protein This source is considered to be high quality relative to needs for milk and maintenance True protein from microbial crude protein is highly digestible The available amino acids from RUP must compliment microbial protein
Proteins Compared to Milk G/100 Grams of amino acids Amino Acid Milk a Bugs b Blood ML c Canola Soymeal c C.Gluten c Arginine 3.4 5.1 4.7 6.1 6.6 2.9 Histidine 2.6 2.0 7.1 2.7 2.6 1.8 Isoleucine 5.8 5.7 1.0 5.0 4.8 3.9 Leucine 8.3 8.1 13.8 7.0 8.7 16.7 Lysine 7.5 7.9 9.2 5.7 6.3 1.5 Methionine 2.5 2.6 0.8 2.1 1.5 2.0 Phenylalanine 4.6 5.1 6.7 4.0 5.6 5.9 Threonine 4.4 5.8 3.8 4.4 4.5 3.4 Valine 6.3 6.2 9.3 5.3 5.3 4.4 a National Dairy Council, 2010 b Clark et al., 1992 (average of 441 samples) c Maiga et al., 1996 (12 hour residues)
Understanding Efficiency Proteins that compare favorably to milk protein with respect to amino acid profile will allow the greatest efficiency When proteins are lacking in one or more amino acids, then a greater overage is needed to meet requirements Example
Example Milk methionine = 2.5% of milk CP Canola metabolizable protein = 2.1% If canola was the only source of methionine, the efficiency would be 2.1/2.5 = 84% If blood meal was the only source, the efficiency would be 0.8/2.5 = 32%
Importance of Balancing for Amino Acids Balancing for amino acids is a means to reduce ration protein and improve efficiency Models are capable of estimating needs for the 10 essential amino acids Most current platforms usually balance for methionine and lysine Balancing for all amino acids might be considered for further improvement
Balancing for All Essential Amino Acids Review of 12 studies where diets were balanced for lysine and methionine Rebalance to include estimated needs for all essential amino acids Increased milk yield in 11 of the trials Increased milk fat yield in 9 of the trials Increased milk protein yield in 10 of the trials Improved efficiency of N use in all studies Evans et al., FEEDSTUFFS, 82:No 15, 2010
Final Comments Relative to The Survey Canola meal is high in soluble protein True. However, not all of the soluble protein is degraded in the rumen, so some becomes RUP I can t explain it, it just works Canola has a good amino acid profile, and this helps in efficiently meeting requirements for all 10 essential amino acids There are no branded products available Aminomax is a branded source of very high RUP canola meal
Van Amburgh, CNCPS 6.5 Method Soybean Meal Canola Meal RDP, % of CP 44.8 39.8 RUP, % of CP 55.2 60.4 CP, % DM basis 50.3 41.8 RUP, % of DM 27.7 25.3 Metabolizable protein, % of DM 25.5 20.9 Aminomax MP, % of DM 36.5 31.8