Atlas of Practical Cardiac Applications of MRI

Atlas of Practical Cardiac Applications of MRI

Atlas of Practical Cardiac Applications of MRI Guillcm Pons-LIado, MD. Director, Cardiac Imaging Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universität Autönoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Francesc Carre ras, MD. Cardiac Imaging Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universität Autönoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Xavier Borräs, MD. Cardiac Imaging Unit, Cardiology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Associate Professor of Medicine, Universität Autönoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Maite Subirana, MD, Director, Unit of Congenital Heart Diseases, Cardiology Department, Hospital de la Sant Creu i Sant Pau, Universität Autönoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. and Luis J. Jimenez-Borreguero, MD. Cardiology Department, Hospital Principe de Asturias, Alcalä de Henares, Madrid, Spain. * SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is available. ISBN 978-94-010-5931-2 ISBN 978-94-011-4544-2 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4544-2 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Introduction Glossary Chapter 1: Basics of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Normal Views 2 4 (f) I c OJ I c o U 1.1 Definition and Physical Basics Definition and historical background Physical basics 1.2 Technical Modalities Spin echo Gradient echo c. Fast gradient echo d. Specialized techniques e. Techniques under clinical investigation 1.3 Study Methodology: Normal Anatomy Technical equipment Medical personnel c. Preparation of the patient d. Normal MRI anatomy Chapter 2: Ventricular Morphology and Function: Study of Cardiomyopathies 2.1 Morphological Study of Heart Chambers Left ventricle Right ventricle 2.2 Ventricular Function Left ventricular function Right ventricular function 2.3 Cardiomyopathies Dilated cardiomyopathy Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy c. Restrictive cardiomyopathy d. Arrhythmogenic dysplasia of the right ventricle Chapter 3: Acquired Diseases of the Aorta 3.1 Technical Aspects of the Aortic Study by MRI: Imaging the Normal Aorta 3.2 Aortic Aneurysm 3.3 Aortic Dissection and Related Entities Strategy for the study of aortic dissection by MRI Differential diagnosis of aortic dissection by MRI 10 12 12 17 17 2 2 2 31 31 31 35 35 35 38 38 43 43 43 47 49

.;jj Chapter 4: Study of Valvular Heart Disease 54 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Velocity Calculation and Flow Quantitation 4.3 Anatomical Evaluation 4.4 Aortic Regurgitation Quantitation with cine MR velocity mapping Quantitation of regurgitant volume using Simpson's method c. Evaluation of regurgitation with cine gradient echo 4.5 Mitral and Tricuspid Regurgitation Quantitation with cine velocity mapping Quantitation of regurgitant volume using Simpson's method c. Evaluation with cine gradient echo 4. Pulmonary Regurgitation 4.7 Pulmonary Hypertension 4.8 Valvular Stenosis Cine velocity mapping Cine gradient echo 4.9. Prosthetic valves 0 2 54 54 55 57 57 57 0 0 0 0 Chapter 5: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Ischemic Heart Disease 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Acute Myocardial Infarction 5.3 Complications of Myocardial Infarction c. Ventricular aneurysm Subacute ventricular rupture and ventricular pseudoaneurysm Intraventricular thrombosis d.,mitral regurgitation 5.4 Study of Ventricular Function Global ventricular function Regional ventricular function c. Evaluation under pharmacological stress 5.5 Imaging of Coronary Arteries Chapter : Cardiac and Paracardiac Masses.1. Introduction.2 Technical Aspects in the Evaluation of Masses with MRI.3 Malignant Primary Cardiac Tumors c. Angiosarcoma Myxosarcoma Pericardial tumors.4 Benign Primary Cardiac Tumors Lipomas Pericardial masses and tumors c. Myocardial tumors.5 Secondary Cardiac Tumors Mediastinal lymphomas Lung neoplasms 9 9 73 77 80 80 81 82 82 82

viii. Benign Paracardiac Masses or Pseudotumors.7. Intracavitary Thrombi Chapter 7: Diseases of the Pericardium 7.1 The Normal Pericardium in Magnetic Resonance 7.2 Acute Pericarditis 7.3 Pericardial Effusion 7.4 Constrictive Pericarditis 7.5 Congenital Pericardial Diseases Chapter 8: Congenital Heart Disease 92 92 9 9 97 97 97 100 103 10 8.1 Segmental Study of Congenital Heart Disease 8.2 Study of Atria and Venous Connections 8.3 Atrioventricular Connections 8.4 Ventriculoarterial Connections 8.5 Study of Shunts 8. Atrial Septal Defect 8.7 Ventricular Septal Defect 8.8 Atrioventricular Defects 8.9 Patent Ductus Arteriosus 8.10 Obstructive Lesions Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction Valvular and supravalvular pulmonary stenosis c. Subvalvular and supravalvular aortic stenosis d. Coarctation of the aorta 8.11 Complex Congenital Heart Diseases Tetralogy of Fallot c. d. e. f Truncus arteriosus Complete transposition of the great arteries Tricuspid atresia Single ventricle Double outlet right ventricle 8.12 Postoperative Studies Surgical arteriovenous fistulas Banding of the pulmonary artery Chapter 9: Contrast Agents in Cardiac MRI 10 107 110 111 1 1 115 115 117 117 121 121 122 122 125 125 12 129 129 129 2 4 9.1 9.2 9.3 Introduction Contrast Agents in the Study of Abnormal Cardiac and Paracardiac Masses Contrast Agents in the Assessment ofischemic Heart Disease Myocardial perfusion Myocardial infarction c. Patency of the infarct-related artery d. Myocardial viability 4 5 5 5 7 7 9 9