Effect of Metal Ions and Drugs on Antibacterial Activities of Nigella Sativa (L.) Seeds.

Article ID: WMC002074 2046-1690 Effect of Metal Ions and Drugs on Antibacterial Activities of Nigella Sativa (L.) Seeds. Corresponding Author: Mr. Ram P Mishra, Sr. Research Scientist, Department of Microbiology, MRD LifeSciences, B-3/46 & 47, Vibhuti Khand, Gomti Nagar, 226010 - India Submitting Author: Mr. Ram P Mishra, Sr. Research Scientist, Department of Microbiology, MRD LifeSciences, B-3/46 & 47, Vibhuti Khand, Gomti Nagar, 226010 - India Article ID: WMC002074 Article Type: Original Articles Submitted on:10-aug-2011, 06:44:17 AM GMT Article URL: http://www.webmedcentral.com/article_view/2074 Subject Categories:AYURVEDIC MEDICINE Published on: 10-Aug-2011, 08:38:12 PM GMT Keywords:Antibacterial, Nigella Sativa, Staphylococcus Aureus, Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Antibiotics, Elicitors, Ethyl Acetate Extract, Thymoquinone. How to cite the article:mishra R P. Effect of Metal Ions and Drugs on Antibacterial Activities of Nigella Sativa (L.) Seeds.. WebmedCentral AYURVEDIC MEDICINE 2011;2(8):WMC002074 Additional Files: Manuscript Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 1 of 11

Effect of Metal Ions and Drugs on Antibacterial Activities of Nigella Sativa (L.) Seeds. Author(s): Mishra R P Abstract: The present study was conducted to find out the antibacterial activity of aqueous and organic extracts of Nigella sativa (L.) seeds against various bacterial pathogens, namely; S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Plant extract along with different elicitors such as metal ions and commercial drugs was also screened to see the change in efficacy and potency of the compounds. Among different extracts ethyl acetate extract proved maximum activity towards Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa while minimum was observed against Escherichia coli. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts exhibited dose-dependent activity. Ciprofloxacin exhibited a synergistic effect with ethyl acetate extract giving zone of inhibition of 18.0mm against S. aureus. When 0.1% Cu was mixed with Ethyl acetate extract it proved 72.0% increase in the activity as it decreased the Minimum inhibitory concentration up to 1.25mg/ml from 4.5mg/ml. No growth was found in the Nutrient agar plate which was mixed with crude oil of Nigella sativa (L.) seeds. Introduction Nigella sativa (L.) is a vegetal species of Ranunculaceae family, known as?black cumin seed?,?neguilla? or?ajemuz? that is widely cultivated in the Mediterranean region. Its seed have played an important role over the years in ancient Islamic system of herbal medicine and in Spain, where they have been traditionally used as folk medicine (El-Naggar et al., 2010). Nigella sativa seeds have shown several therapeutic effects such as prevention of cancer, antihypertensive effect, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antihistaminic actions (Swamy and Tan, 2000; Tahir et al., 1993; Abdel-Fattah, 2000; Chakravarty, 1993 & Khan, 1999). Nigella sativa seed composition includes nutritional components such as carbohydrates (glucose, xylose, rhamnose, and arabinose), vitamins as thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, niacin and folic acid, mineral elements (calcium, iron and potassium), proteins, alkaloids (nigellidine, nigellimine and nigellicine), 36%-38% fixed oil and 0.4%-2.5% essential oil (Hosseinzadeh and Parvardeh, 2004). Methods and Materials Preparation of plant extracts: Air dried NS seeds were pulverized using a milling machine and extracted with Distilled water, Methanol, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate using suspension extraction and column extraction. For extraction through suspension method, equal amount of grinded power of NS seeds were mixed with ten volumes of solvents (namely; water, methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate) and were kept in dark at room temperature for 10 days, followed by filtration with Whattman filter paper No. 1, the filtrate was concentrated by evaporating the solvent and dried up to dried powder. For extraction through column method, plant material was mixed with equal amount of silica gel and filled in clean glass column, fitted with cotton at the bottom. Column was fixed vertically at column stand, wrapped with aluminum foil and filled at the top with ten volumes of the solvent. Knob was opened slowly and the extract was collected in a clean beaker kept at bottom. Extract was concentrated and dried up to dry powder and stored. Plant extract was used by dissolving in DMSO at concentration of 100mg/ml. Test Organisms: Clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria were used for bioassay studies. The test organism includesescherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. The isolates were maintained on freshly prepared nutrient agar plates and slants and keep in a refrigerator at 40 C until required for use. Single colony was transferred in sterile 50 ml of nutrient broth and incubated at 37 oc in shaker incubator at 140 rpm for 14 hrs. Bacterial cells were recovered by centrifugation and were suspended in sterile distilled water; concentration of pathogens was optimized by maintaining OD to 0.1 at 600 nm before use. Screening of bioactive compounds against various pathogens: 10.0 ml nutrient agar media was poured in a sterile Petri dish, 70?l of test organisms were spread on the surface of media, wells were prepared with help of sterile borer and wells were aseptically filled by 30?l plant extracts along with positive (antibacterial Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 2 of 11

compounds, namely; tetracycline at 50?g/ml) and negative control (autoclaved distilled water). Plates were incubated aerobically at 37oC for 14 hrs. The diameters of zones of inhibition were measured. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of extracts: This is carried out by double agar gradient plate method. Nutrient agar (5.0 ml) was poured into sterilized Petri dishes, leaving the plate in slanted position. After setting the media, another 5.0 ml of nutrient agar (along with plant extract; 5.0 mg/ml) was added to the plates to make the level unity; thus the plate contained an increasing concentration of plant extract along the diameter of the plate. Now the 70?l of prepared inoculums of cultures were spread. Plates were incubated in upright position at 37 oc for 14 hrs. Concentration gradient along with the diameter was calculated for each mm. visible colonies were observed, distance was measured from top end and concentration of the compound was calculated as MIC. Effect of different elicitors on antibacterial properties of the compounds: To see the effect of elicitors on the antibacterial activities of the plant extracts against various bacterial pathogens, 0.1% of different metal ions, namely; Magnesium, Iron, Copper, Lead and Zinc were added to the plant extract. Also, different antibiotics were added to the plant extracts to see the effect of plant extract in conjugation with antibiotics. Zone of inhibition was recorded for each variable to compare the effects. To see the effect of different commercial drugs on the activity of plant extracts against pathogens, several drugs (Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline, Ampicillin, Metronidazole, Ofloxacin, Amoxicillin, Odoxil and Sparfloxacin; 50?g/ml each) were added with 60:40 ratio (30?l plant extract and 20?l drug per wells) and loaded into wells. Results Out of five different extracts of NS seeds, two extracts proved antibacterial activity against two strains and only one against all the three pathogens. Figure 1 shows a comparative analysis of the seed extracts against three bacterial pathogens. Ethyl acetate was selected for extraction and determination of MIC against bacterial pathogens as out of five extraction procedure selected in the study, ethyl acetate proved best in terms of activity against all pathogens and higher zone of inhibition was recorded. Bioactive plant metabolites extracted with help of organic solvents, namely; methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate proved better extraction solvent in comparison to aqueous extracts. Figure 2 shows comparative analysis of activity of the extracts (in terms of zone of inhibition; in mm) and potency of the compounds (in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration; mg/ml) against three bacterial pathogens, namely; S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Ethyl acetate extract was supplemented with different elicitors (metal ions) to see the effect on potency of the compounds. Figure 3 shows a comparative analysis of different metal ions on MIC of ethyl extract of NS seeds against all the bacterial pathogens. Ethyl acetate extract of NS seeds was supplemented with different drugs to see the effect of plant metabolites in conjugation with drugs. Data shown below in Figure 4 suggests an increased activity of the compounds along with drugs. Discussions and Conclusion Herbal medicines are a valuable and readily available resource for primary health care and complementary health care systems. Undoubtedly, the plant kingdom still holds many species of plants containing substances of medicinal value that have to be discovered, though large numbers of plants are constantly being screened for their antimicrobial effects. These plants may prove to be a rich source of compounds with possible antimicrobial activities but more pharmacological investigations are necessary.nigella Sativa seed ethyl acetate extract gave zone of 16.0mm, 15.0mm and 13.0mm against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli respectively, while methanolic and ethanolic extracts gave positive results against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, only with less zone of inhibition. Aqueous extracts of NS seeds failed to show positive result against any of the pathogen selected in the study (Fig. 1). Out of the three pathogens selected in the study, E. coli was most resistant in comparison to S. aureusand P. aeruginosa, as it showed less zone of inhibition and maximum MIC value for ethyl acetate extracts; while limited or no activity for methanolic and ethnolic extracts (Fig. 2). Copper ion was found best elicitor among all the metal ions selected in the study to enhance the activity of the plant extract against all the bacterial pathogens, followed by Iron and Zinc (Fig. 3). The effect of various elicitors on the antibacterial activity of various extracts was screened in the present research work as has been reported by Auda et al., (2009). Ethyl acetate extract of NS seeds proved enhanced activity in conjugation with Ciprofloxacin and Metronidazole, while other drugs showed less elicitive response when added to the extract (Fig. 4). Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 3 of 11

References 1. Abdel-Fattah, A. F.M.; K. Matsumoto. and H. Watanabe. 2000. Antinociceptive effects ofnigella sativa oil and its major component, thymoquinone, in mice. Eurpean J. Pharm. 400(1), 89-97. 2. Auda, S.A.; T. Knutter.; B. Bretschnieder.; M. Brandsch.; Y. Mrestani. and H. H. Neubert. (2009). Effect of different metal ions on biological properties of Cefadroxil. Pharmaceuticals. 2, 184-193. 3. Chakravarty, N. 1993. Inhibition of histamine release from mast cells by nigellone. Ann. Allergy. 70(3), 237-242. 4. El-Naggar, T.; M. P. Gomez-Serranillos.; O. M. Palomino.; C. Arce. and M. E. Carretero. 2010. Nigella sativa L. Seed Extract Modulates the Neurotransmitter Amino Acids Release in Cultured Neurons In Vitro. J. Biomed. Biotech. 2010, 1-8 5. El-Tahir, K. E.; M. M. Ashour. and M. M. Al-Harbi. 1993. The cardiovascular actions of the volatile oil of the black seeds (Nigella sativa) in rats: elucidation of the mechanism of action.gen. Pharmaco. 24(5), 1123-1131. 6. Hosseinzadeh, H. and S. Parvardeh. 2004. Anticonvulsant effects of thymoquinone, the major constituent of Nigella sativa seeds, in mice. Phytomedicine. 11(1), 56-64. 7. Khan, M. A. 1999. Chemical composition and medicinal properties of Nigella sativa Linn.Inflammopharmacology. 7(1), 15-35. 8. Mashadian, N. V. and H. Rakshandeh. 2005. Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects of Nigella sativa extracts against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans, Pak. J. Med. Sci. 21(1), 047-052. 9. Swamy, S. M. K. and B. K. H. Tan. 2000. Cytotoxic and immunopotentiating effects of ethanolic extracts of N. sativa L. seeds. J. Ethanopharm. 70(1), 1-7. Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 4 of 11

Illustrations Illustration 1 Fig. 1: Comparative analysis of different extracts of NS seeds against Bacterial pathogens. Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 5 of 11

Illustration 2 Fig. 2: Comparative analysis of zone of inhibition and MIC of ethyl acetate extract of NS seeds against Bacterial pathogens. Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 6 of 11

Illustration 3 Fig. 3: Comparative analysis of different metal ions on the activity of ethyl acetate extracts of NS seeds. Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 7 of 11

Illustration 4 Fig. 4: A comparative analysis of different drugs along with ethyl acetate extract against pathogens. Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 8 of 11

Disclaimer This article has been downloaded from WebmedCentral. With our unique author driven post publication peer review, contents posted on this web portal do not undergo any prepublication peer or editorial review. It is completely the responsibility of the authors to ensure not only scientific and ethical standards of the manuscript but also its grammatical accuracy. Authors must ensure that they obtain all the necessary permissions before submitting any information that requires obtaining a consent or approval from a third party. Authors should also ensure not to submit any information which they do not have the copyright of or of which they have transferred the copyrights to a third party. Contents on WebmedCentral are purely for biomedical researchers and scientists. They are not meant to cater to the needs of an individual patient. The web portal or any content(s) therein is neither designed to support, nor replace, the relationship that exists between a patient/site visitor and his/her physician. Your use of the WebmedCentral site and its contents is entirely at your own risk. We do not take any responsibility for any harm that you may suffer or inflict on a third person by following the contents of this website. Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 9 of 11

Reviews Review 1 Review Title: Review for the article entitled Posted by Dr. Muniappan Ayyanar on 12 Aug 2011 11:46:04 AM GMT 1 Is the subject of the article within the scope of the subject category? Yes 2 Are the interpretations / conclusions sound and justified by the data? No 3 Is this a new and original contribution? No 4 Does this paper exemplify an awareness of other research on the topic? Yes 5 Are structure and length satisfactory? No 6 Can you suggest brief additions or amendments or an introductory statement that will increase the value of this paper for an international audience? 7 Can you suggest any reductions in the paper, or deletions of parts? No 8 Is the quality of the diction satisfactory? Yes 9 Are the illustrations and tables necessary and acceptable? No 10 Are the references adequate and are they all necessary? Yes 11 Are the keywords and abstract or summary informative? Yes Rating: 5 Comment: 6. The authors can provide some information regarding the role of metal ions in the antibacterial activity of medicinal plants with previously published literature. 9. There is no tables and figures in the manuscript, but in the text the auhors provided legand for four figures. Competing interests: No Invited by the author to make a review on this article? : No Experience and credentials in the specific area of science: - Publications in the same or a related area of science: Yes References: 1. Duraipandiyan, V. Ayyanar, M. and Ignacimuthu, S., 2006. Antimicrobial activity of some ethnomedicinal plants used by paliyar tribe from Tamil Nadu, India. BMC Complementary & Alternative Medicine; www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/6/35 2. Rajeshbabu, P., Ayyanar, M., Rasool, S.K., Sheriff, M.A. and Sekar, T. 2011. In vitro antibacterial activity of Piper betel L. and Black betel cv. Kammar leaves against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia. Journal of Pharmacy Research 4 (7): 2223? 2225. 3. Ayyanar, M. and Ignacimuthu S. 2009. Herbal medicines for wound healing: Ethnobotanical and Scientific evidence from south Indian traditional medicine. International Journal of Natural Products in Applied Research 2(3): 29-42. How to cite: Ayyanar M.Review for the article entitled [Review of the article 'Effect of Metal Ions and Drugs on Antibacterial Activities of Nigella Sativa (L.) Seeds. ' by ].WebmedCentral 1970;2(8):REVIEW_REF_NUM888 Yes Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 10 of 11

Disclaimer This article has been downloaded from WebmedCentral. With our unique author driven post publication peer review, contents posted on this web portal do not undergo any prepublication peer or editorial review. It is completely the responsibility of the authors to ensure not only scientific and ethical standards of the manuscript but also its grammatical accuracy. Authors must ensure that they obtain all the necessary permissions before submitting any information that requires obtaining a consent or approval from a third party. Authors should also ensure not to submit any information which they do not have the copyright of or of which they have transferred the copyrights to a third party. Contents on WebmedCentral are purely for biomedical researchers and scientists. They are not meant to cater to the needs of an individual patient. The web portal or any content(s) therein is neither designed to support, nor replace, the relationship that exists between a patient/site visitor and his/her physician. Your use of the WebmedCentral site and its contents is entirely at your own risk. We do not take any responsibility for any harm that you may suffer or inflict on a third person by following the contents of this website. Webmedcentral > Original Articles Page 11 of 11