WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES Prabhu et al. SJIF Impact Factor 6.041 Volume 5, Issue 12, 1773-1778 Research Article ISSN 2278 4357 HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECT OF ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ALPINIA CALCARATA ROSC RHIZOMES IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS T. Purushoth Prabhu* 1, S. Ravichandran 2, K. Murali 3 and R. Suresh 4 1 Dept. of Pharmacognosy, C. L. Baid Metha College of pharmacy, Chennai-600097. 2 Dept of Pharmacognosy, P.S.V. College of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, Krisnagiri. 3 Dept of Nano Tissue Engineering, IIT, Roorkee. 4 Greens Med Lab, Mettukuppam, Chennai. Article Received on 24 Oct. 2016, Revised on 12 Nov. 2016, Accepted on 01 Dec. 2016 DOI: 10.20959/wjpps201612-8315 *Corresponding Author Dr. T. Purushoth Prabhu Dept. of Pharmacognosy, C. L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Chennai- 600097. ABSTRACT Alpinia calcarata Rosc (Zingiberaceae) have been used to treat various disease in indigenous system of medicine. In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate hypolipidemic effect of Alpinia calcarata Rosc was carried out. The alcoholic extract (100, 200 and 400 mg / kg p.o) of Alpinia calcarata Rosc, rhizomes produced a significant reduction of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, and increase in high density lipoprotein which shows potent hypolipidemic activities in animal models. Moreover treatment with alcoholic extract prevented the accumulation of cholesterol in aorta, liver, and kidney was examined by histopathological studies. KEYWORDS: Alpinia calcarata, zingiberaceae, hypolipidemic activity. INTRODUCTION Hyperlipidemia is a highly predicative risk factor for atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and cerebral vascular disease. [1] Atherosclerosis of arteries is a generalized disease of the arterial network known as progressive and silent killer disease characterized by the formation of lesions called atherosclerosis plaques in the walls of large and or medium sized coronary arteries and which reduces blood flow to the myocardium-called coronary artery disease. [2] www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 12, 2016. 1773
Alpinia Calcarata Rosc (Zingiberaceae) is a perennial herb with horizontal root stock and tall leafy stems. It is known as Amkolinji in Tamil. [3] In siddha system of medicine, decoction of the plant rhizome is used in the treatment of respiratory disorder, expectorant, diabetes and obesity. [4] The plant have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory, antiulcer and antispasmolytic activity. [5] There are no scientific studies in support of these traditional claims. Hence in the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the hypolipidemic effect of Alpinia Calcarata Rosc in experimental animal models. MATERIAL AND METHOD Alpinia calcarata rhizomes were collected between December-January from Chennai, Tamilnadu and authenticated by Prof. Jayaraman, Plant anatomy research centre, Tambaram, Chennai. The collected rhizomes were shade dried and coarsely powdered. The powdered material (500gms) was extracted with ethyl alcohol (600ml) in soxhlet apparatus for 16 hrs. Nearly 80% of the solvent was removed by distillation over boiling water bath at atmospheric pressure and the remaining under reduced pressure. This extract (yield 11.3%) was suspended in 0.5% Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose and used for animal experiments. Adult male albino rat (150-200gm), maintained in Animal Experimental Laboratory (CPCSEA/243) of Madras Medical College at room temperature of 25+2 0 C, relative humidity of 75+5% and 12 th dark - light cycle were used for the study. Food and water were given ad libitum. Animals were divided into six groups of six rats each: Group I - Control Group II - Atherogenic Control Group III - Atherogenic diet + Extract 100 mg / kg p.o Group IV - Atherogenic diet + Extract 200 mg / kg p.o Group V - Atherogenic diet + Extract 400 mg / kg p.o Group VI - Atherogenic diet + Atorvastatin 10 mg / kg p.o In order to render, the rats hyperlipidemic, they were given with atherogenic diet [6] comprising of corn flour base, milk powder, butter, salt, ground nut oil, sucrose and vitamin mixture. In addition 400 mg of cholesterol powder / kg b.w. was dissolved in coconut oil are administered orally for 45 days, followed by either extract or reference drug Atorvastatin was given a period of 30 days. www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 12, 2016. 1774
The blood serum was withdrawn from the retro orbital plexus after overnight fasting for the study of biochemical parameters. [7] Serum was estimated for the total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein was shown in table1. At the end of the treatment period, the animals were sacrificed, aorta, liver, kidney [8] were dissected out, washed, 5 µm thick section slide were prepared and stained with haemotoxylin eosin. The results were statistically analyzed using students t - test. RESULT AND DISCUSION A marked increase in the level of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein were found in the animals which received atherogenic diet and high density lipoprotein levels was decreased. Administration of alcoholic extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg shows significant reduction in the level of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein and increase in high density lipoprotein levels which was similar to the standard Atorvastatin. In histopathological studies, aorta section of atherodiet animals shows marked atheromatous thickening in the intima. The atheromatous inflammatory changes were absent in normal control group and standard drug treated group. Liver section of atherodiet fed animals shows marked perivenular inflammatory fatty changes which is comparatively mild in alcoholic extract kidney section of atherodiet fed animals shows marked congestion and hyaline droplet formation in the tubular while in standard and alcoholic extract treated animals there was mild congestion but the architecture of the kidney was not altered markedly (Fig No. 1,2,3). From this study, we can infer that alcoholic extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes possesses significant lowering effect on serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein and increase in high density lipoprotein level at the dose of 400 mg/kg b.w. The possible mechanism for prevention of hyperlipidemia may be that rhizome extract ingestion decreased the intestinal absorption of exogenous cholesterol. This effect thus reduces the accumulation of cholesterol and triglycerides in aorta, liver, kidney which makes promising antiatherogenic agent. www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 12, 2016. 1775
Group No Table 1: Effect of Alpinia calcarata Rosc on Lipid profiles in cholesterol fed rats Treatment Dose Totalcholesterol (mg / dl) Triglycerides (mg / dl) High density Lipoprotein (HDL) mg / dl Low density Lipoprotein (LDL) mg / dl Very Low density Lipoprotein (VLDL) mg / dl I Control Normal diet 101.4 0.16 121.2 0.82 36.3 0.07 80.9 0.5 19.4 0.16 II Atherodiet Cholesterol 400mg / kg in coconut oil 242.4 0.31*** 160.8 0.12*** 25.3 0.06*** 135.2 0.13*** 30.6 0.05*** III Alcoholic Extract 100 mg / kg b.w in 0.5% 197.9 0.17* 145.3 0.09* 28.2 0.12* 121.2 0.21 25.0 0.04 IV Alcoholic extract 200 mg / kg b.w 145.9 0.13* 128.5 0.05* 30.2 0.02* 95.1 0.23 22.4 0.04 V Alcoholic Extract 400 mg / kg b.w 112.6 0.17** 112.6 0.42*** 34.1 0.11*** 82.9 0.15** 18.9 0.09** VI Standard Atorvastatin 10 mg / kg b.w 107.1 0.08*** 107.3 0.03*** 32.2 0.07*** 85.0 0.25*** 20.6 0.10*** Each Value represents the Mean ± SEM of 6 observations. Group I compared with Group II and Group III, IV, V & VI compared with Group II *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Histopathalogical studies Control (1) Atherogenic diet (2) Extract 100 mg (3) Extract 200 mg (4) Extract 400 mg (5) Atorvastatin 10 mg(6) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) FIGURE 1 - AORTA SECTION www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 12, 2016. 1776
Figure 2 - Liver section (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Figure 3 - Kidney section www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 12, 2016. 1777
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors thank, the Dean, Madras Medical College for providing the facilities to carry out the work. The author express thanks to Mrs. Jayanthi Kanna Babu B.V.Sc., Madras Medical College, for helping me in carrying out the pharmacological studies. REFERENCES 1. Wang J, Multi centre clinical trial of the serum lipid lowering effects of a Monascus purpureus (red east) rice preparation from traditional Chinese medicine. Current Therapeutic Research, 1997; 58(120): 964-978. 2. Brown MS, Goldstein JL, Goodman and Gilman s, Edr, Maxwel MacMillan, New York, 1990; 8: 874-896. 3. Anonymous, Wealth of India, Raw Material A-C, 1997; II: CSIR, Delhi. 4. Kritikar KR, Basu BD, Lalit MB, Bishan Singh, Mahendra Pal Singh, Indian Medicinal Plant, Dehardun, India, 2003; I: 441. 5. Jean gillespie M, tessa G, peter RM, reinnervation of the lateral gastrocnemius and soleus a. Muscles in the rat by their common nerve, J Phys Pharm, 1981; 60. 6. Gupta RS, Pramod Kumar, Anita Sharma, Bharadwaj TN, Dixit VP, Hypocholesterolemic activity of Marsilea Minula in Gerbils, Fitoterapia, 2000; 113-116. 7. Harbone JB, Phytochemical methods, Jackmann and Hill, London, 1973; 90. 8. Ahire AC, Laddha KS, Hypolipidemic effects of Carthamus tinctorius in Rats, Indian drugs, 2005; 42(8): 545-547. 9. Bharani A, Ahirwar LK, Jain N, Effect of Terminalia chebula fruits on Lipid profiles of rats, J Nat Remed, 2003; 3: 31-35. 10. Wang X, Heller R and VanVoorhis N, Cytology and Histology, Livingston Churchill, London, 4 th edition, 2000; 31-35. www.wjpps.com Vol 5, Issue 12, 2016. 1778