THE FLOWER
Parts of a flower ANDROECIUM stamen GYNOECIUM pistil petal sepal petal PERIANTH peduncle ovary receptacle
Parts of a flower Capsicum annuum floral bud
Arrangement of floral leaves Brassica napus opposite e.g. Brassicaceae Liriodendron tulipifera Malus domestica alternate / spiral e.g. Magnoliaceae Magnolia sp. Ficaria verna whorled/cyclic spirocyclic / hemicyclic e.g. Ranunculaceae
Floral symmetry 1. polysymmetrical/actinomorphic/radial 2. monosymmetrical/zygomorphic/bilateral 3. disymmetrical 4. asymmetrical asymmetrical (Canna) actinomorphic (Hypericum) zygomorphic (Salvia) disymmetrical (Dicentra)
Perianth of the flower Perianth(ium): I. Heterochlamydeous flower: 2 types of perianth leaves Sepals calyx Ca - chorisepalous: separate sepals - synsepalous: fused sepals Petals corolla Co -choripetalous: separate petals -synpetalous: fused petals Ca Co
Perianth of the flower II. Homo(io)chlamydeous flower: one kind of perianth leaf Tepals Perigonium P Tulipa sp. III. Apochlamydeus / Naked flower Salix sp.
Reproductive floral parts Androecium A : haplostemonous stamens in 1 whorl diplostemonous stamens in 2 whorls polystemonous more than 2 stamen whorls polyandry: several stamens (difficult to count) oligandry: few (countable) stamens Parts of stamens (filaments or anthers) may fuse: with each other or with members of other whorls (e.g. stamen fuses with petal) Papaver somniferum
Reproductive floral parts Stamen filament (fil) anther (ant) theca (th): 2 pollen sacs ant connective (c) stomium (st) fil
Reproductive floral parts vascular bundle pollen sac (loculament) theca anther half / theca connective
Reproductive floral parts Carum carvi anther
Reproductive floral parts anther of Helleborus sp. e: exothecium r: fibrous layer k: middle layer t: tapetum p: pollen
Pollen types saccate: sac/bladder forest pine pore silver fir spruce tree hazelnut birch tree lime tree peach tree
colpus Pollen types porus + colpus colpus squash beech willow wheat corn sedge reed squash lily sunflower
Pollen types saccate pollen of Pinus Betula pendula pollen Hyacinthus orientalis pollen
Pollen types Dictamnus albus reticulate pollen
Reproductive floral parts Gynoecium G : pistil carpels stigma ovulum/ovule stylus/style filament of stamen nectary ovary stigma http://www.uky.edu/ag/hla/geneve/ teaching/pls%20220/flowers/flow er%20parts.pdf Datura stramonium Carum carvi gynoecium
Reproductive floral parts Position of the ovary superior stamen petal ovary sepal Hypericum sp. http://www.uky.edu/ag/hla/geneve/teaching/pls%20220/flowers/flower%20parts.pdf
Reproductive floral parts half-superior Position of the ovary stamen petal sepal ovary receptacle (hypanthium) Platycodon sp. http://www.uky.edu/ag/hla/geneve/teaching/pls%20220/flowers/flower%20parts.pdf
Reproductive floral parts inferior Position of the ovary stamen petal sepal ovary Oenothera sp. http://www.uky.edu/ag/hla/geneve/teaching/pls%20220/flowers/flower%20parts.pdf
Ovule position Types of placentation parietal marginal angular axial Tulipa sp.
Ovule position atropous straight campilotropous/bent anatropous turned back
Ovule structure integuments nucellus funicle micropyle 1: funicle, 2: micropyle, 3: nucellus, 4: egg cell, 5: embryo sac, 6: synergids, 7: vegetative nucleus, 8: antipodal cells, 9: integuments, 10: chalaza
Reproductive floral parts Bisexual/Perfect flower Monosexual/Imperfect flower -monoecious plant (e.g. Cucurbita, Zea) -dioecious plant (e.g. Cannabis, Salix) staminate/male pistillate/female Ilex aquifolium http://www.uky.edu/ag/hla/geneve/teaching/pls%20220 /Flowers/Flower%20parts.pdf
Primula farinosa Heterostyly Primula farinosa 400x macrostyl long style short stamen small pollen 400x microstyl short style long stamen big pollen anther stigma Primula farinosa heterodistyly e.g. Primula anther stigma Primula farinosa
Heterodistyly Primula veris macrostyl stigma surface microstyl stigma surface
Floral diagram, floral formula * Ca 5 Co (5) A 5 G (2) Convolvulaceae Calystegia sepium http://www.uky.edu/ag/hla/geneve/teaching/pls%20220 /Flowers/Flower%20parts.pdf
FLORAL FORMULAS Ranunculaceae * Ca 5 Co 5 A G or P 3+3 A G Papaveraceae * Ca 2 Co 2+2 A G (2-25) Caryophyllaceae * Ca 5 or (5) Co 5 A 5+5 G (2-5) Rosaceae / Rosoideae * Ca 5 Co 5 A G Maloideae * Ca 5 Co 5 A 10+5+5 G (1-5) Prunoideae * Ca 5 Co 5 A 10+10+10 or 10+5+5 G (1) Fabaceae Ca (5) Co 5 A (10) or (9)+1 G (1) Brassicaceae * Ca 2+2 Co 4 A 2+4 G (2) or (4) Apiaceae * Ca 5 Co 5 A 5 G (2) Lamiaceae Ca (5) Co (5) A 2+2 G (2) Asteraceae * Ca (5) Co (5) A (5) G (2)
Typical floral structures Fabaceae Bean family Glycine sp. http://waynesword.palomar.edu/legume1.htm http://www.life.illinois.edu/help/digitalflowers/fabaceae/43.htm papilionaceous flower Ca (5) Co 5 A (10) or (9)+1 G 1
Typical floral structures Lamiaceae Mint family bilabial flower (Salvia officinalis) Ca (5) Co (5) A 2+2 G (2) http://www.worldofsalvias.com/flower1.htm
INFLORESCENCES Simple: only primary branches branches end in flower Compound: secondary branches bear flowers
INFLORESCENCES Racemose inflorescences: main stem: indeterminate growth side branches remain below main stem branches emerge acropetally flowers open acropetally / centripetally
Simple racemose inflorescences spike capitulum simple umbel simple raceme corymb flower head spadix cone
INFLORESCENCES Cymose inflorescences: main stem: limited growth, ends in flower side branches above level of main stem flowers open centrifugally
Cymose inflorescences helicoid cyme cincinnus polychasium drepanium dichasium monochasium
Compound inflorescences panicle: racemous raceme e.g. lilac Grasses (Poaceae): spikes, panicles Carrot family (Apiaceae): compound umbel panicle
Spikelet structure Spike: spikelets stigma ovary anther lodicules Bromus sp.: glume spikelet axis spike axis