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1. Steroid hormones operate by: A. crossing the cell membrane and triggering transcription for the appropriate protein B. attaching to the cell membrane and increasing diffusion of target molecules C. binding to the DNA of the target cell, and stimulating DNA replication D. diffusing through the cell and then binding to the ribosomes

protein: water soluble, acts on cell membranes, response due to activation of the receptor steroid: not soluble, passes through membrane to act on receptors inside cell which causes gene activation page 470

2. A refractory period is the time when: A.! The signal jumps between neurons B.! Neuron repolarizes between impulses C.! Na + ions rush into the axon D.! The threshold level was reached

3.The resting potential of an axon is established by: A.! Pumping the negative ions out B.! Opening the Na + gates C.! The sodium-potassium pump D.! All of the above

a) Resting membrane: more positive charges are pumped out leaving the inside negative b) Electrical disturbance opens Na + gates and sodium ions rush into the cell: depolarization. c) Na + gates to close again and K + gates open. K + moves out. d) Electrical disturbance moves along membrane. Na + / K + pump restores and maintains resting potential.

4. When the threshold level of a stimulus is just reached, the impulse carried by the neuron is the same as if the threshold level were exceeded. This phenomenon is known as: A.! action potential B.! reverse polarity C.! a refractory response D. an all-or-none response

5. A neuron is ready to receive an action potential when it is: A. repolarized B. depolarized C. hyperpolarized D. underpolarized

6. Insulin: A. promotes the release of glucagon B. promotes the uptake of glucose C. inhibits the uptake of glucose D. is secreted when blood is low glucose

7. Diabetes: A. is caused by insufficient production or use of insulin B. is caused by insufficient production or use of glucagon C. is prevalent in people with a low metabolic rate D. has symptoms that include low levels of urine output and a constant thirst

8. The adrenal glands: A. inhibits adrenaline B. decreases heart rate, glucose metabolism C. helps to bring the body back to normal after a stressful situation D. produces adrenaline

9. If the parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated, which of these changes will occur? a)! A decrease in the heart rate. b)! A release of glucose into the blood. c)! A release of glycogen from the liver. d)! A constriction of blood vessels in the skin

10. Which one of the following sequences represents the correct pathway of a reflex arc? A. Effector, motor nerve, sensory nerve, central nervous system, receptor. B. Sensory nerve, receptor, central nervous system, motor nerve, effector C. Receptor, motor nerve, central nervous system, sensory nerve, effector. D. Receptor, sensory nerve, central nervous system, motor nerve, effector.

11. Aldosterone: A. increases water reabsorption by increasing Na + transport to the blood B. decreases blood ph C. cleaves angiotensinogen D. causes constriction of blood vessels

blood pressure sensors in JGA detect low blood pressure release renin blood pressure increases angiotensinogen renin angiotensin increase reabsorption of water distal tubule increases Na + transport to the blood aldosterone released from adrenal gland constriction of blood vessels (increases pressure

12. The juxtaglomerular apparatus: A. detects low ph B. detects low blood pressure C. is located in the hypothalamus D. signals the hypothalamus to release ADH

13. ADH: A. increases water reabsorption by acting on the collecting duct and distal tubule B.decreases the ph of blood by adding carbon dioxide C. causes a decrease in blood pressure D. increases the Na + secretion into the urine

14. On which day is the egg released from the follicle (ovulation)? A. Day 5 B. Day 10 C. Day 12 D. Day 14

FSH: 1. stimulates oocyte to mature 2. stimulate follicle cells to release estrogen 1 4 LH: 3. stimulate follicle cells to release estrogen 4. burst causes ovulation 2, 3

5 6 estrogen: 5. follicle cells release it - increases GnRH (LH, FSH) - this burst causes ovulation progesterone: 6. corpus luteum secretes it - stimulates uterine lining and inhibits GnRH (LH, FSH)

15. Which of the following is released by the hypothalamus and tells the pituitary to release FSH and LH? A. progesterone B. estrogen C. GnRH D. GH

16. The corpus luteum: A. acts like a gland B. protects the growing oocyte C. is released during ovulation D. breaks down and inhibits menstruation

17. Which of the following is TRUE regarding LH: A. it acts with FSH to stimulate the follicle to release estrogen B. it increases from Day 14-Day 28 C. it inhibits the release of GnRH D. it is inhibited by estrogen

FSH: 1. stimulates oocyte to mature 2. stimulate follicle cells to release estrogen 1 4 LH: 3. stimulate follicle cells to release estrogen 4. burst causes ovulation 2, 3

18. Which of the following is false regarding synapses: A. they are the spaces between neighbouring neurons B. neurotransmitters must travel across them to get to the next neuron C. neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron D. receptors for neurotransmitters are found in the pre-synaptic neuron

Synaptic Transmission synaptic cleft pre-synaptic neuron post-synaptic neuron

Synaptic Transmission neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and diffuse across the synaptic cleft, depolarize the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron and therefore create another action potential pre-synaptic neuron synaptic cleft post-synaptic neuron

19. Which of the following contains photoreceptors that detect light? A. lens B. cornea C. retina D. iris

20. Which of the following contains hair cells that respond to sound waves in fluid and convert them to electrical signals? A. auditory canal B. eardrum C. middle ear D. cochlea

21. Which of the following has chemoreceptors? A. fingertips B. tongue C. eyes D. ears