Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem-resistant, 497 498 Adolescents, urinary tract infections in, 520 521 Aminoglycosides, for UTIs and bacteriuria in pregnancy, 552 Amphotericin B deoxycholate, for candiduria, 476 Antibiotic prophylaxis, for urologic surgery in patients with artificial joint replacement and artificial heart valves, 441 447 preprostate biopsy rectal culture and postbiopsy sepsis, 449 458 preventing UTIs in patients with neurogenic bladder, 533 Antibiotic resistance, emerging drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria, 493 505 carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, 497 498 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, drugs of last resort, 499 extended-spectrum beta-lactamasecontaining bacteria, 494 495 Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemaseproducing organisms, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas, 498 499 strategies to prevent resistance, 499 503 impact on guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis with transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, 550 in funguria, 480 481 in pregnancy, 550 Antibiotic treatment, of infected kidney stones, 459 472 of infections associated with penile prostheses and artificial sphincters, 485 492 of sexually transmitted infections, 507 518 of urinary tract infections, and bacteriuria in pregnancy, 547 560 and bacteriuria in the elderly, 561 568 and neurogenic bladder, 527 536 asymptomatic bacteriuria in noncatheterized adults, 537 545 fungal, 473 483 pediatric, 519 526 Arthroplasty. See Joint replacement. Artificial heart valves, implant-associated infections with genitourinary procedures in patients with, 441 447 Urol Clin N Am 42 (2015) 569 575 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-0143(15)00108-1 0094-0143/15/$ see front matter Ó 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. antibiotic prophylaxis for, 445 446 Artificial joint replacements, implant-associated infections with genitourinary procedures in patients with, 441 447 antibiotic prophylaxis for, 444 445 Artificial urinary sphincters, infections associated with, 485 492 approach to, 490 erosions and, 489 490 guide to implantation, 490 491 microorganisms involved in, 490 Ascorbic acid, preventing UTIs in patients with neurogenic bladder, 532 Aspergillosis, 480 Asymptomatic bacteriuria, in noncatheterized adults, 537 545 basic science of, 540 541 fimbriae, 540 growth factors, 541 host factors, 540 541 lipolysaccharides, 540 toxins, 540 use as biotherapeutics, 541 definitions, 537 538 epidemiology, 538 539 in diabetic patients, 539 540 Infectious Diseases Society of America Recommendations, 537 538 translational barriers to application of, 541 542 in pregnancy, 552 554 definition, 552 epidemiology, 552 follow-up and prevention, 554 screening, 553 554 significance, 553 treatment, 554 in the elderly, 561 568 B Bacteremia, sources of, in patients with artificial joint replacements or heart valves, 443 444 urologic.theclinics.com
570 Index Bacteria, emerging drug-resistant gram-negative, 493 505 carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, 497 498 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, extended-spectrum beta-lactamasecontaining, 494 495 Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemaseproducing organisms, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas, 498 499 Bacterial interference, preventing UTIs in patients with neurogenic bladder, 532 533 Bacteriuria. See also Asymptomatic bacteriuria. and urinary tract infection in pregnancy, 547 560 antimicrobials in, 548 552 asymptomatic bacteriuria in, 552 554 lower urinary tract (cystitis), 554 pathogenesis, 548 upper urinary tract in (pyelonephritis), 554 555 urinary tract changes in, 548 and urinary tract infections in the elderly, 561 568 definitions, 562 diagnostic challenges and controversy, 562 epidemiology, 562 563 microbiology, 563 pathophysiology, 564 community-dwelling and long-term care facility residents, 565 566 indwelling catheters, 566 risk factors, 563 asymptomatic, 564 chronic catheterization, 565 community-dwelling adults, 564 565 institutionalized adults, 565 Bag specimen, urine collection in non-toilet-trained Bezoars, 478 479 Biopsy, prostate. See Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Biotherapeutics, use of asymptomatic bacteriuria strains as, 541 Bladder irrigation, preventing UTIs in patients with neurogenic bladder, 533 Blastomycosis, 480 C Calcium carbonate apatite, infection stones composed of, 459 460 Candiduria, 473 479 antimicrobial treatment, 475 477 nonantimicrobial treatment, 478 patient evaluation, 473 475 further, 474 475 initial, 474 special situations, 478 479 Carbapenems, bacteria resistant to, 495 498 Acinetobacter baumannii, 497 498 Enterobacteriaceae, Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemaseproducing, for UTIs and bacteriuria in Catheterization, chronic, use in the elderly, 565 intermittent chronic, and UTIs in patients with neurogenic bladder, 528 530 Catheters, indwelling, use in the elderly, 566 Cephalosporins, for UTIs and bacteriuria in pregnancy, 550 Cervicitis, sexually transmitted infections that cause, 513 Chancroid, 512 Children. See Pediatric patients. Chlamydia infections, 513 514 Chronic catheterization, use in the elderly, 565 Clindamycin, for UTIs and bacteriuria in Coccidiomycosis, 480 Community-dwelling adults, bacteriuria and UTI in elderly, 561 568 Cranberry juice, preventing UTIs in patients with neurogenic bladder, 532 Cryptococcosis, 480 Culture, rectal, before prostate biopsy, and postbiopsy sepsis, 449 458 urine, in pediatric Cystitis, in pregnancy, 554 Cystourethrogram, voiding, in pediatric D D-Mannose, preventing UTIs in patients with neurogenic bladder, 532 Daptomycin, for UTIs and bacteriuria in pregnancy, 552 Diabetic patients, asymptomatic bacteriuria in, 539 540 Dimercaptosuccinic acid scan, in pediatric 523 Dipstick urinalysis, in pediatric patients, 521 522 Drug resistance. See Antibiotic resistance. E Elderly, bacteria and urinary tract infections in, 561 568 definitions, 562 diagnostic challenges and controversy, 562
Index 571 epidemiology, 562 563 microbiology, 563 pathophysiology, 564 community-dwelling and long-term care facility residents, 565 566 indwelling catheters, 566 risk factors, 563 asymptomatic bacteriuria, 564 chronic catheterization, 565 community-dwelling adults, 564 565 institutionalized adults, 565 Endocarditis, risk in patients with artificial heart valves undergoing urologic procedures, 445 446 Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant, Epididymitis, sexually transmitted infections that cause, 513 Erectile dysfunction, penile prostheses and artificial urinary sphincters for, infections due to, 485 492 Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-containing bacteria, 494 495 epidemiology and risk factors, 494 495 infections and treatment, 495 outcomes, 495 F Fimbriae, in asymptomatic bacteriuria, 540 Fluconazole, for candiduria, 475 477 resistance to, 480 Flucytosine, for candiduria, 476 Fosfomycin, for UTIs and bacteriuria in Fungal urinary tract infections, 473 483 candiduria, 473 479 antimicrobial treatment, 475 477 nonantimicrobial treatment, 478 patient evaluation, 473 475 further, 474 475 initial, 474 special situations, 478 479 evaluation of outcome and long-term recommendations, 481 482 non-candida, 480 aspergillosis, 480 blastomycosis, 480 coccidiormycosis, 480 cryptococcosis, 480 histoplasmosis, 480 mucormycosis, 480 480 481 fluconazole resistance, 480 in cases of renal failure, 480 481 toxicities, 481 Fungus balls, 478 479 G Genital ulcers, sexually transmitted infections causing, 508 513 herpes simplex virus, 511 512 rare causes of, 512 513 syphilis, 508 511 Gonorrhea, 514 Gram-negative bacteria, emerging drug-resistant, 493 505 carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, 497 498 carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, drugs of last resort, 499 extended-spectrum beta-lactamasecontaining, 494 495 Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemaseproducing organisms, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas, 498 499 strategies to prevent resistance, 499 503 Granuloma inguinale, 512 Growth factors, in asymptomatic bacteriuria, 541 H Heart valves, implant-associated infections with genitourinary surgery in patients with artificial, 441 447 antibiotic prophylaxis for, 445 446 Herpes simplex virus, 511 512 Histoplasmosis, 480 Host factors, in asymptomatic bacteriuria, 540 541 Human papilloma virus, 514 516 treatment, 515 vaccine, 516 I Imaging, in workup of pediatric urinary tract infections, 522 523 dimercaptosuccinic acid scan, 522 523 renal bladder ultrasonography, 522 voiding cystourethrogram, 522 Immune dysfunction, and UTIs in patients with neurogenic bladder, 530 Implant-associated infections, genitourinary procedures in patients with artificial joint implants or heart valves, 441 447 antibiotic prophylaxis for, 444 446 443 Indwelling catheters, use in the elderly, 566
572 Index Infection stone. See Kidney stones. Infectious Diseases Society of America, recommendations for asymptomatic bacteriuria, 537 538 translational barriers to application of, 541 542 J Joint replacements, implant-associated infections with genitourinary procedures in patients with artificial, 441 447 antibiotic prophylaxis for, 444 445 K Kidney stones, treatment of infected, 459 472 infection stones, 459 460 pharmacologic treatment, 463 464 surgical treatment, 464 466 treatment resistance and complications, 467 obstructive pyelonephritis, 460 461 pharmacologic treatment, 464 surgical treatment, 466 467 467 468 Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing organisms, L Linezolid, for UTIs and bacteriuria in pregnancy, 552 Lipopolysaccharides, in asymptomatic bacteriuria, 540 Live biotherapeutics, use of asymptomatic bacteriuria strains as, 541 Long-term care facilities, bacteriuria and UTIs in elderly residents of, 561 568 treatment, 565 Lower urinary tract infections, in pregnancy, 554 Lymphogranuloma venereum, 512 M Macrolides, for UTIs and bacteriuria in Microscopic analysis, of urine, in pediatric Monobactams, for UTIs and bacteriuria in pregnancy, 550 Mucormycosis, 480 Multidrug resistance. See Antibiotic resistance. Multiple sclerosis, urinary tract infection and neurogenic bladder in, 527 528 Mycoplasma genitalium infection, 514 Mycoplasma hominis infection, 514 N Neurogenic bladder, urinary tract infection and, 527 536 bladder dysfunction, 528 catheter use, 528 530 diagnosis, 530 epidemiology, 527 528 immune dysfunction, 530 monitoring for infection, 530 531 pathogenesis, 528 prevention, 532 533 antibiotic prophylaxis, 533 bacterial interference, probiotics, 532 533 bladder irrigation, 533 cranberry, D-mannose, ascorbic acid, 532 onabotulinum toxin A, 533 treatment, 531 532 urinary stasis and increased postvoid residual, 528 New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase, 497 Nitrofurantoin, for UTIs and bacteriuria in Nursing homes. See Long-term care facilities. O Obstructive pyelonephritis, 460 461 pharmacologic treatment, 464 surgical treatment, 466 467 467 468 Onabotulinum toxin A, preventing UTIs in patients with neurogenic bladder, 533 P Parenteral antibiotics, for UTIs in pediatric patients, 524 Parkinson disease, urinary tract infection and neurogenic bladder in, 527 528 Partner notification, with sexually transmitted infections, 516
Index 573 Pediatric patients, workup of urinary tract infections in, 519 526 history and physical, 519 520 in adolescents, 520 in children aged 2 to 12 years, 520 in children less than 2 years of age, 520 imaging, 522 523 dimercaptosuccinic acid scan, 522 523 renal bladder ultrasonography, 522 voiding cystourethrogram, 522 in adolescent boys, 521 in adolescent girls, 520 specimen collection in non-toilet-trained bag specimen, 521 suprapubic aspiration, 521 urethral catheterization, 521 treatment, 523 524 course, 523 524 oral antibiotics, 524 parenteral antibiotics, 524 renal scarring, 524 urine testing, 521 522 culture, 522 dipstick urinalysis, 521 522 microscopic urinalysis, 522 serum tests, 522 Penicillins, for UTIs and bacteriuria in pregnancy, 550 Penile prostheses, infections associated with, 485 492 acute and chronic, 486 effect of antibacterial coatings, 488 prevention of, 488 489 intraoperative measures, 489 patient preparation, 489 preoperative antibiotics, 489 salvage reimplantation, 487 488 superficial skin vs prosthesis infections, 485 486 treatment, 486 487 Pregnancy, urinary tract infection and bacteriuria in, 547 560 antimicrobials in, 548 552 asymptomatic bacteriuria in, 552 554 lower urinary tract (cystitis), 554 pathogenesis, 548 upper urinary tract in (pyelonephritis), 554 555 urinary tract changes in, 548 Probiotics, preventing UTIs in patients with neurogenic bladder, 532 533 Prophylaxis. See Antibiotic prophylaxis. Prostate biopsy. See Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Pseudomonas, multidrug-resistant, 498 499 Pyelonephritis, in pregnancy, 554 555 diagnosis, 554 555 epidemiology, 554 Q significance, 554 treatment, 555 obstructive, 460 461 pharmacologic treatment, 464 surgical treatment, 466 467 467 468 Quinolones, for UTIs and bacteriuria in pregnancy, 552 R Rectal swab, before transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, 449 458 and post-biopsy infectious complications, 453 456 current guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis implications of antimicrobial resistance incidence of infectious complications, 451 452 original data supporting, 452 453 Renal bladder ultrasonography, in pediatric Renal scarring, from UTIs in pediatric patients, 524 Resistance. See Antibiotic resistance. S Sepsis, after prostate biopsy, impact of pre-biopsy rectal culture on, 449 458 Serum tests, as measures of UTIs in pediatric Sexually transmitted infections, 507 518 causing condyloma, 514 516 human papilloma virus, 514 516 causing genital ulcers, 508 513 herpes simplex virus, 511 512 rare causes of, 512 513 syphilis, 508 511 causing urethritis, epididymitis, cervicitis, and vaginal discharge, 513 chlamydial infection, 513 514 clinical presentation, 513 diagnosis, 513 gonorrhea, 514 trichomoniasis, 514 partner notification and treatment, 516 Sphincters, artificial urinary. See Artificial urinary sphincters.
574 Index Spina bifida, urinary tract infection and neurogenic bladder in, 527 528 Spinal cord injury, urinary tract infection and neurogenic bladder in, 527 528 Staghorn calculi, 459 Stones. See Kidney stones. Struvite, infection stones composed of, 459 460 Sulfonamides, for UTIs and bacteriuria in pregnancy, 551 552 Suprapubic aspiration, urine collection in non-toilettrained Surgery. See Urologic surgery. Syphilis, 508 511 clinical presentation, 508 diagnostic testing, 508 511 treatment, 511 T Tetracyclines, for UTIs and bacteriuria in pregnancy, 552 Toxins, in asymptomatic bacteriuria, 540 Translational barriers, to Infectious Diseases Society of America Recommendations for asymptomatic bacteriuria, 541 542 Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, efficacy of rectal culture before, 449 458 current guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis antimicrobial resistance and its implications incidence of infectious complications, 451 452 original data supporting pre-biopsy rectal swab, 452 453 rectal swab and post-biopsy infectious complications, 453 456 Trichomoniasis, 514 Trimethoprim, for UTIs and bacteriuria in pregnancy, 551 552 U Ulcers, sexually transmitted infections causing genital, 508 513 herpes simplex virus, 511 512 rare causes of, 512 513 syphilis, 508 511 Ultrasonography, renal bladder, in pediatric Ultrasound-guided biopsy, prostate. See Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Upper urinary tract infections, in pregnancy, 554 555 Ureaplasma urealyticum infection, 514 Urethral catheterization, urine collection in non-toilettrained Urethritis, sexually transmitted infections that cause, 513 Urinary sphincters, artificial. See Artificial urinary sphincters. Urinary tract infections (UTI), asymptomatic bacteriuria in noncatheterized adults, 537 545 fungal, 473 483 candiduria, 473 479 evaluation of outcome and long-term recommendations, 481 482 non-candida, 480 480 481 in pregnancy, 547 560 antimicrobials in, 548 552 asymptomatic bacteriuria in, 552 554 lower (cystitis), 554 pathogenesis, 548 upper (pyelonephritis), 554 555 urinary tract changes in, 548 in the elderly, 561 568 definitions, 562 diagnostic challenges and controversy, 562 epidemiology, 562 563 microbiology, 563 pathophysiology, 564 community-dwelling and long-term care facility residents, 565 566 indwelling catheters, 566 risk factors, 563 asymptomatic bacteriuria, 564 chronic catheterization, 565 community-dwelling adults, 564 565 institutionalized adults, 565 neurogenic bladder and, 527 536 bladder dysfunction, 528 catheter use, 528 530 diagnosis, 530 epidemiology, 527 528 immune dysfunction, 530 monitoring for infection, 530 531 pathogenesis, 528 prevention, 532 533 antibiotic prophylaxis, 533 bacterial interference, probiotics, 532 533 bladder irrigation, 533 cranberry, D-mannose, ascorbic acid, 532 onabotulinum toxin A, 533 treatment, 531 532 urinary stasis and increased postvoid residual, 528 pediatric, workup of, 519 526 history and physical, 519 520 imaging, 522 523 dimercaptosuccinic acid scan, 522 523 renal bladder ultrasonography, 522 voiding cystourethrogram, 522
Index 575 in adolescent boys, 521 in adolescent girls, 520 specimen collection in non-toilet-trained treatment, 523 524 course, 523 524 oral antibiotics, 524 parenteral antibiotics, 524 renal scarring, 524 urine testing, 521 522 culture, 522 dipstick urinalysis, 521 522 microscopic urinalysis, 522 serum tests, 522 Urine testing, in pediatric patients, 521 522 culture, 522 dipstick urinalysis, 521 522 microscopic urinalysis, 522 serum tests, 522 Urologic surgery, in patients with artificial joint replacement or heart valves, 441 447 Urosepsis, after prostate biopsy, impact of pre-biopsy rectal culture on, 449 458 V Vaginal discharge, sexually transmitted infections that cause, 513 Vancomycin, for UTIs and bacteriuria in pregnancy, 552 Voiding cystourethrogram, in pediatric