Željka Babić, Jelena Kovačić, and Rajka Turk

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75 Technical paper Izvješće Centra za kontrolu otrovanja za razdoblje od 1. siječnja do 31. prosinca 2016. Report of the Poison Control Centre for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2016 Željka Babić, Jelena Kovačić, and Rajka Turk Institut za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada, Zagreb, Hrvatska Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia Ovo izvješće Centra za kontrolu otrovanja Instituta za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada nastavak je izvješća objavljenih u prethodnim brojevima ovog časopisa. U njemu se navode osnovni statistički podaci o broju poziva primljenih u Centru za kontrolu otrovanja u dvanaestomjesečnom razdoblju od siječnja do prosinca 2016., uključujući podatke o tražiteljima informacija te o bolesnicima i značajkama otrovanja. Tijekom navedenog razdoblja u Centru je zabilježeno 1898 poziva kojima su se tražile informacije o 1940 slučaja. U 76 % od ukupnog broja poziva tražitelji informacija bili su zdravstveni radnici (liječnici i medicinske sestre ili tehničari), a u 24 % privatne osobe. Samo tri poziva bila su upućena od ostalih pozivatelja (službenika zaštite na radu, službenika Državnog odvjetništva i policije). Prosječna dob bolesnika s poznatom dobi bila je 12 godina (medijan 3 godine), u rasponu od novorođenačke dobi do 95. godine života. Većina bolesnika s nepoznatom dobi bile su odrasle osobe (556 od ukupno 601 slučaja s nepoznatom dobi). Najzastupljenije dobne skupine bile su dojenčad i predškolska djeca (od rođenja do uključivo pete godine života 46 % od ukupnog broja bolesnika) i odrasle osobe (43 %). U ukupnom broju slučajeva s poznatim spolom, muški spol bio je malo više zastupljen (53 % muških osoba prema 47 % ženskih osoba). Gledajući po dobnim skupinama, muški spol prevladavao je među dojenčadi, predškolskom i školskom djecom (ukupno 59 %), u adolescenata ženski (68 %), a kod odraslih osoba muški i ženski spol bili su jednako zastupljeni. Gledajući distribuciju slučajeva po mjesecima, uočava se da je broj slučajeva bio veći u ljetnim mjesecima (od lipnja do kolovoza prosječno 185 slučajeva, s najvećim brojem u lipnju 197 slučajeva), a tijekom zimskih mjeseci bilo ih je malo manje (prosječno 128 tijekom siječnja i veljače, s najmanjim brojem u siječnju 111 slučajeva). Correspondence to: Željka Babić, Institut za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10001 Zagreb. E-mail: zbabic@imi.hr Dežurni telefon / Emergency phone: (+385 1) 2348 342 This report of the Poison Control Centre at the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health continues previous reports published in this journal. It brings basic annual statistics that include the number of calls received by the Poison Control Centre from January to December 2016, as well as the information on callers and patient and poisoning profiles. In 2016, the Poison Control Centre received 1898 phone calls reporting 1940 cases. In most cases (76 % of total number of calls), the callers/ information users were health care professionals (medical doctors and nurses or technicians), while 24 % of the calls came from the general public. Only three calls were received from miscellaneous services (occupational safety professional, county state attorney, and a police officer). The average age of patients with known age was 12 years (median 3 years), ranging from new-borns to 95 years. Most patients of unknown age were adults (556 of 601). The most prevalent age groups were infants and preschool children (from birth to 5 years; 46 % of the total number of patients with known age) and adults (43 %). Overall, there were slightly more male than female cases (53 % vs. 47 %, respectively). Male cases also prevailed in infants, preschool, and school children (59 %), female cases in adolescents (68 %), and in adults both sexes were equally represented. Seasonally, more cases were recorded in the summertime (185 cases in average from June till August, the highest number being recorded in June, 197 cases), and less cases in the winter months (128 cases in average during January and February, the lowest number being recorded in January, 111 cases). The monthly average was 157 cases throughout the year. Their distribution according to cause/exposure was evenly distributed throughout the year, except for pesticides and poisonous animals (higher exposure during spring and summer), plants (higher exposure during summer), mushrooms (higher during autumn), and carbon monoxide (in November and December).

76 Babić Ž, et al. Report of the Poison Control Centre for 1 January to 31 December 2016 Uzroci otrovanja ili izloženosti u ljudi / Causes of human poisoning or exposure Tvar / Substance Broj slučajeva (% od ukupno) / Number of cases (% of total) Lijekovi / Drugs 697 (37,1) Kućne kemikalije / Household chemicals a 592 (31,5) Pesticidi / Pesticides b 142 (7,5) Industrijske kemikalije / Industrial chemicals 111 (5,9) Biljke / Plants c 79 (4,2) Životinje / Animals 29 (1,5) Hrana / Food c 24 (1,3) Sredstva ovisnosti / Drugs of abuse 23 (1,2) Gljive / Mushrooms 20 (1,1) Ugljikov monoksid / Carbon monoxide 9 (0,5) Alkohol / Alcohol - Strano tijelo / Foreign body 7 (0,4) Kombinacije / Combinations d 51 (2,7) Ostalo / Miscellaneous 92 (4,9) Nepoznato / Unknown 5 (0,3) UKUPNO / TOTAL 1881 (100) Ukupni broj slučajeva (1.881) ne uključuje 56 poziva u kojem su se tražile informacije iz edukativnih razloga. / The total number of cases (1,881) does not include the 56 phone calls asking information for educational reasons. a Uključujući sredstva opće uporabe koja sadržavaju pesticide / Including pesticide-containing products sold to the general public b Ne uključuje sredstva opće uporabe koja sadržavaju pesticide / Does not include pesticide-containing products sold to the general public c Bez gljiva / Mushrooms excluded d Istodobna izloženost ili otrovanje s dvije ili više skupina tvari (najčešće lijekovima i alkoholom) / Concomitant exposure to or poisoning with two or more substance categories (mostly drugs and alcohol) Gledajući na godišnjoj razini, bilo je 157 slučajeva mjesečno. Distribucija slučajeva prema uzrocima nije se znatnije razlikovala tijekom godine, izuzevši izloženost pesticidima i životinjama (veća učestalost tijekom proljeća i ljeta), biljkama (učestalije tijekom ljeta), gljivama (učestalije tijekom jeseni) i ugljikovu monoksidu (tijekom studenoga i prosinca). Najzastupljenije tvari koje su uzrokovale otrovanja bile su lijekovi (37 % od ukupnog broja slučajeva s poznatim uzrokom otrovanja) i kućne kemikalije (32 % od ukupnog broja slučajeva s poznatim uzrokom otrovanja). Od lijekova najzastupljeniji su bili psihoaktivni lijekovi (34 % od ukupnog broja slučajeva otrovanja lijekovima), uključujući neuroleptike, benzodiazepine, antidepresive i hipnotike, zatim analgetici i nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi (14 %) i lijekovi za kardiovaskularne bolesti (9 %). Izloženost pesticidima bila je najviša od travnja do kolovoza (u prosjeku 18 slučajeva mjesečno) s najvećim brojem slučajeva u srpnju (23 slučaja). U ostatku godine prosječni broj slučajeva izloženosti pesticidima bio je znatno niži, u prosjeku 7 slučajeva mjesečno. Od ukupno 142 slučaja u vezi s izloženosti pesticidima, samo u 100 slučajeva procijenjeno je da postoji rizik od njihovih štetnih učinaka, dok u ostalim slučajevima način izloženosti nije upućivao na moguće otrovanje. U navedenih 100 slučajeva najveći broj bolesnika bio je asimptomatski (52 %) ili je imao blage simptome (36 %). U 10 % bolesnika (10 slučajeva) zabilježeni su teži simptomi. Pesticidi koji su uzrokovali teže kliničke slike bili su insekticidi Metasystox (oksidemeton-metil) i lindan, herbicidi Lumax (terbutilazin, mezotrion, S-metolaklor) i Cidokor (glifosat), rodenticidi Faciron (klorfacinon) i bromadiolon, te nepoznati pesticid. The most prevalent substances were drugs (37 % of all cases with known cause of poisoning) and household chemicals (32 % of all cases with known cause of poisoning). Most commonly reported drugs were the psychoactive drugs (34 % of all drug poisonings), including neuroleptics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and hypnotics, followed by analgesics, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (14 %), and cardiac drugs (9 %). Exposure to pesticides was higher from April to August (18 cases per month on average) with the peak reported in July (23 cases). Over the rest of the year, the incidence of this type of exposure was much lower (7 cases per month on average). Based on the circumstances of exposure, the risk of harmful effects was suspected only in 100 of the 142 cases involving pesticide exposure. Most of these 100 patients were asymptomatic (52 %) or had only mild symptoms (36 %). Serious symptoms occurred in 10 % of the patients (10 cases), but there were no lethal outcomes. Pesticides causing serious clinical signs and symptoms were the insecticides Metasystox (oxydemeton-methyl) and lindane, herbicides Lumax (terbuthylazine, mesotrione, s-metolachlor) and Cidocor (glyphosate), rodenticides Faciron (chlorophacinone) and bromadiolone, and an unspecified pesticide. Most of the cases involving mushroom poisoning occurred in the autumn, September and October in particular (14 of the 20 cases). Based on symptoms and exposure circumstances, the risk of harmful effects existed in all of these 20 cases. Most of the patients were either asymptomatic (3 cases, 15 %) or had only mild, usually gastrointestinal symptoms (16 cases, 80 %), while 1 patient (5 %) had more

77 Najveći broj otrovanja gljivama uočen je tijekom rujna i listopada (14 od ukupno 20 slučajeva). U svih 20 slučajeva na temelju simptoma i načina izloženosti procijenjeno je da postoji rizik od štetnih učinaka. Većina bolesnika ili nije imala simptome (3 slučaja 15 %) ili je imala samo blage, uglavnom gastrointestinalne simptome otrovanja (16 slučajeva 80 %), dok je u jednom slučaju (5 %) izloženost nepoznatim gljivama prouzročila teške simptome. Ubodi i ugrizi otrovnih životinja (ukupno 29 slučajeva), uključujući ribe i morske beskralježnjake (npr. riba pauk, raža, vlasulja), člankonošce (npr. pauk, štriga, zmijski češalj) i zmije (poskok, nepoznate zmije), zabilježeni su najviše u razdoblju od travnja do kolovoza. Slučajevi otrovanja biljkama (ukupno 79 slučajeva) zabilježeni su najviše u razdoblju od lipnja do kolovoza. Najzastupljenije vrste kućnih biljaka bile su adam (Alocasia odora), difenbahija (Diffenbachia spp.), fikus benjamin (Ficus benjamina) i jedarce (Spathiphyllum wallisii), a od ostalih biljaka oleandar (Nerium oleander) i kozlac (Arum maculatum). Kudikamo najčešći put unosa bio je ingestijom (82 % od ukupnog broja slučajeva u kojima je put izloženosti bio poznat), a zatim udisanjem (9 %). severe symptoms due to the ingestion of unknown mushrooms. Bites and stings by poisonous animals (29 cases in total), including fish and sea invertebrates (such as Trachinidae, Rajiformes, and Anemonia spp.), arthropods (spiders, earwig, centipedes), and snakes (Vipera ammodytes, unknown snakes) were recorded mostly from April to August. Poisoning with plants (79 cases in total) were mostly recorded from June to August, and the leading causes were the houseplants Alocasia odora, Diffenbachia spp., Ficus benjamina, and Spathiphyllum wallisii. Of the wild plants, the most prevalent were Nerium oleander and Arum maculatum. Among the cases with known route of exposure, ingestion was the most common by far (82 %), followed by inhalation (9 %). Of all whose risk of harmful effects was estimated to be related to exposure to drug or chemical (1711), 52 % were asymptomatic, 40 % had only mild symptoms (such as gastrointestinal irritation, headache, or irritation of the skin and respiratory system), and 8 % had severe symptoms (such as serious disturbances of the central nervous system, Broj slučajeva prema uzrocima otrovanja ili izloženosti u pojedinim dobnim skupinama / Number of cases according to causes of poisoning or exposure in different age groups Tvar / Substance Broj slučajeva / Number of cases (% od ukupno / % of total) Dojenčad i predškolska djeca / Infants and preschool children Školska djeca i adolescenti / School children and adolescents Odrasli / Adults Lijekovi / Drugs 297 (34,4) 119 (55,6) 280 (35,0) Kućne kemikalije / Household chemicals 387 (44,8) a 36 (16,8) b 168 (21,0) c Pesticidi / Pesticides b 40 (4,6) 12 (5,6) 90 (11,2) Industrijske kemikalije / Industrial chemicals 18 (2,1) 4 (1,9) 89 (11,1) Biljke / Plants 60 (6,9) 5 (2,3) 14 (1,8) Životinje / Animals 5 (0,6) 2 (0,9) 22 (2,8) Hrana / Food c 11 (0,9) 3 (1,4) 10 (1,3) Sredstva ovisnosti / Drugs of abuse 2 (0,2) 8 (3,7) 13 (1,6) Gljive / Mushrooms 3 (0,4) 2 (0,9) 15 (1,9) Ugljikov monoksid / Carbon monoxide - 2 (0,9) 7 (0,9) Alkohol / Alcohol - - - Strano tijelo / Foreign body 7 (0,8) - - Kombinacije / Combinations - 7 (3,3) 44 (5,5) Ostalo / Miscellaneous d 33 (3,8) 13 (6,1) 46 (5,7) Nepoznato / Unknown 1 (0,1) 1 (0,5) 3 (0,4) UKUPNO / TOTAL 864 (100) 214 (100) 801 (100) Dobne skupine definirane su na slici. Ukupni broj slučajeva (1.881) ne uključuje 56 poziva u kojem su se tražile informacije iz edukativnih razloga, te 2 slučaja u kojima je dobna skupina bila nepoznata. / Age groups are defined in the figure. The total number of cases (1,881) does not include the 56 phone calls asking information for educational reasons and 2 cases in which the age was unknown. a najzastupljenija su bila sredstva za pranje i čišćenje, higijensko-kozmetički proizvodi, igračke i školski pribor, kućanski i kozmetički proizvodi s organskim otapalima te insekticidi i repelenti u kućanstvu / the most prevalent were detergents and cleaning agents, cosmetics, toys and school accessories, household and cosmetic products containing organic solvents, and household insecticides and repellents b najzastupljenija su bila sredstva za pranje i čišćenje, higijensko-kozmetički proizvodi, korozivna sredstva te živa iz toplomjera / the most prevalent were detergents and cleaning agents, cosmetics, corrosive substances, and thermometer mercury c najzastupljenija su bila sredstva za pranje i čišćenje, korozivna sredstva, antifriz te kućanski i kozmetički proizvodi s organskim otapalima / most prevalent were detergents and cleaning agents, corrosive substances, antifreeze and household and cosmetic products containing organic solvents d uključujući antiseptike, sredstva za gašenje požara i suzavac / including antiseptics, fire-exstinguishing substances and tear gas

78 Put izloženosti u registriranim slučajevima otrovanja ili izloženosti u ljudi / Route of exposure in registered cases of human poisoning or exposure Put izloženosti / Route of exposure Broj slučajeva / Number of cases (% od ukupno / % of total) Ingestijom / Ingestion 1528 (81,2) Inhalacijom / Inhalation 164 (8,7) Kožom / Dermal 33 (1,8) Ugriz ili ubod / Bite or sting 28 (1,5) Konjunktivom oka / Conjunctival 21 (1,1) Nazalno / Nasal 12 (0,6) Parenteralno / Parenteral 10 (0,5) Rektalno / Rectal 2 (0,1) Majčinim mlijekom / Mother's milk - Više putova / Combination 74 (3,9) Nepoznato / Unknown 9 (0,5) UKUPNO / TOTAL 1881 (100) Ukupni broj slučajeva (1.881) ne uključuje 56 poziva u kojem su se tražile informacije iz edukativnih razloga / The total number of cases (1,881) does not include the 56 phone calls asking information for educational reasons Od ukupnog broja slučajeva s poznatom kliničkom slikom u kojima je, na temelju simptoma i načina izloženosti, procijenjeno da postoji rizik od štetnih učinaka uslijed izloženosti lijeku ili kemikaliji (1711 slučaj), 52 % bilo je asimptomatsko, 40 % imalo je samo blage simptome (primjerice iritaciju probavnog trakta, glavobolju ili iritaciju kože i dišnog sustava), a 8 % slučajeva imalo je teške simptome (teži poremećaji središnjeg živčanog sustava, korozivna oštećenja gastrointestinalnog trakta, teški dišni simptomi). Zabilježen je smrtni ishod u starijeg muškarca, moguće zbog ingestije lijekova Leponexa (klozapin) i Rivotrila (klonazepam) u suicidalnoj namjeri. Najčešći uzroci težih oblika otrovanja bili su lijekovi (u 65 od 130 slučaja s težom kliničkom slikom), i to ponajprije psihoaktivni (51 slučaj), a zatim kućne kemikalije (13 corrosive injuries of the gastrointestinal tract, or severe respiratory symptoms). One fatal outcome was recorded; it was a suicide of an elderly man by ingestion of Leponex (clozapine) and Rivotril (clonazepam). The most prevalent causative agents responsible for severe clinical presentations were drugs (65 out of 130 cases with severe clinical presentation), mostly psychoactive (51 cases), followed by household chemicals (13 cases), substances of abuse (11 cases), and combinations of substances (13 cases). The ratio between suicidal and accidental poisonings for all cases was 1:4.2. This ratio was the opposite in the adolescent group, with about 2.4 times more suicidal than accidental poisonings. A somewhat higher number of accidental than suicidal poisonings was recorded in adults (408 and 259 cases, respectively). In adolescent women 71% of poisonings were due to attempted suicide. Distribucija slučajeva otrovanja u ljudi prema dobi i spolu / Age and sex distribution of human exposure cases Dobne skupine definirane su: dojenčad do uključivo 23 mjeseca života; predškolska djeca od 2 do uključivo 5 godina; školska djeca od 6 do uključivo 12 godina; adolescenti od 13 do uključivo 17 godina; odrasli navršenih 18 godina i stariji / Age groups are defined as: infants up to 23 months; preschool children 2 to 5 years; school children 6 to 12 years; adolescents 13 to 17 years; adults 18 and more years

79 Klinička slika otrovanja po dobnim skupinama / Medical outcome by patient age Simptomi / Symptoms Dojenčad / Infants Predškolska djeca / Preschool children Školska djeca i adolescenti / School children and adolescents Odrasli / Adults Nepoznata dob / Age unknown UKUPNO / TOTAL (% od ukupno / % of total) Nema / Asymptomatic 255 387 82 166 2 892 (50,4) Blagi / Mild 57 121 98 412-688 (38,9) Teški / Severe 3 8 12 107-130 (7,3) Smrt / Death - - - 1-1 (0,1) Nepoznato / Unknown 8 8 9 33-58 (3,3) UKUPNO / TOTAL 323 524 201 719 2 1769 (100) Ukupni broj slučajeva (1.769) uključuje samo slučajeve u kojima je, temeljem simptoma i načina izloženosti, procijenjeno da postoji rizik od štetnih učinaka uslijed izloženosti lijeku ili kemikaliji, i ne uključuje 56 poziva u kojem su se tražile informacije iz edukativnih razloga. / The total number of cases (1,769) includes only those in which, based on symptoms and exposure circumstances, risk of harmful effects was estimated to be related to exposure to drug or chemical, and does not include the 56 phone calls asking information for educational reasons Okolnosti otrovanja ili razlog traženja informacije / Circumstances of exposure cases or type of information request Okolnosti otrovanja/razlog traženja informacije Circumstances of exposure/ type of information request Broj slučajeva / Number of cases (% od ukupno / % of total) Slučajno / Accidental 1381 (71,2) Suicidalno / Suicidal 331 (17,1) Edukativni razlog poziva / Educational reason 57 (2,9) Abuzus / Substance abuse 49 (2,5) Profesionalno / Occupational 49 (2,5) Nuspojava lijeka / Drug side-effect 25 (1,3) Iatrogeno / Iatrogenic 13 (0,7) Psihijatrijski bolesnik / Psychiatric patient 12 (0,6) Napad /Assault 4 (0,2) Ostalo / Miscellaneous - Nepoznato / Unknown 19 (1,0) UKUPNO / TOTAL 1940 (100) Ukupni broj slučajeva (1.940) uključuje slučajeve u ljudi i životinja / The total number of cases (1,940) includes human and animal cases

80 Babić Ž, et al. Report of the Poison Control Centre for 1 January to 31 December 2016 slučajeva), sredstva ovisnosti (11 slučajeva) te kombinacije tvari (13 slučajeva). Omjer između suicidalnih i zadesnih otrovanja u ukupnom broju slučajeva bio je oko 1:4,2. U skupini adolescenata taj omjer bio je obrnut, s oko 2,4 puta više suicidalnih u odnosu na zadesna otrovanja. U odraslih je zabilježen malo veći broj zadesnih u odnosu na suicidalna otrovanja (408 naspram 259 slučajeva). Čak 71 % slučajeva otrovanja u adolescentica bili su pokušaji suicida. Zabilježeno je 49 slučajeva vezanih uz profesionalnu izloženost otrovnim tvarima. Prevladavao je muški spol (71 %). U 41 slučaju klinička slika mogla se povezati s izloženošću; većina je bila praćena blažom kliničkom slikom (73 % slučajeva), pet slučajeva (12 %) nije bilo praćeno simptomima, a u šest slučajeva (15 %) prijavljeni su teži simptomi. Tvari koje su uzrokovale teže simptome bili su zavarivački dimovi, olovo, nitrozni plinovi, motorno ulje i nitrorazrjeđivač. Nije bilo profesionalnih otrovanja sa smrtnim ishodom. Occupational exposure to toxic substances was reported in 49 cases. Occupational poisonings occurred mostly in men (71%). In 41 cases clinical presentation was related to exposure. In the majority of the 41 cases exposure resulted only in mild symptoms (73 % of cases). In five cases (12%) the patients were asymptomatic, while severe symptoms were reported in six cases (15%). Substances reported in these severe cases were welding fumes, lead, nitrogen oxide gases, motor oil, and paint thinner. There were no occupational exposures with fatal outcome.