Željka Babić, Jelena Kovačić, and Rajka Turk

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81 Technical paper Izvješće Centra za kontrolu otrovanja za razdoblje od 1. siječnja do 31. prosinca 2017. Report of the Poison Control Centre for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2017 Željka Babić, Jelena Kovačić, and Rajka Turk Institut za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada, Zagreb, Hrvatska Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia Ovo izvješće Centra za kontrolu otrovanja Instituta za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada nastavak je izvješća objavljenih u prethodnim brojevima ovog časopisa. U njemu se navode osnovni statistički podaci o broju poziva primljenih u Centru za kontrolu otrovanja tijekom dvanaestomjesečnog razdoblja od siječnja do prosinca 2017. godine, uključujući podatke o tražiteljima informacija, kao i podatke o bolesnicima i osobinama otrovanja. Tijekom navedenog razdoblja u Centru je zabilježeno 2149 poziva kojima su se tražile informacije o 2195 slučajeva. U 72 % od ukupnog broja poziva tražitelji informacija bili su zdravstveni radnici (liječnici i medicinske sestre ili tehničari), a u 28 % privatne osobe. Samo su dva poziva bila upućena od poslodavaca. Prosječna dob bolesnika s poznatom dobi bila je 10 godina (medijan 3 godine), u rasponu od novorođenačke dobi do 92. godine života. Većina bolesnika s nepoznatom dobi bile su odrasle osobe (509 od ukupno 580 slučajeva s nepoznatom dobi). Najzastupljenije dobne skupine bile su dojenčad i predškolska djeca (od rođenja do uključivo pete godine života 52 % od ukupnog broja bolesnika) i odrasle osobe (36 %). U ukupnom broju slučajeva s poznatim spolom, muški spol bio je malo više zastupljen (53 % muških osoba prema 47 % ženskih osoba). Ženski spol prevladavao je kod adolescenata (74 %). Kod odraslih osoba muški i ženski spol bili su jednako zastupljeni. Gledajući distribuciju slučajeva po mjesecima, uočava se da je broj slučajeva bio pretežno veći tijekom ljetnih mjeseci i u prosincu (od lipnja do rujna bila su u prosjeku 204 slučaja mjesečno, a u prosincu 223 slučaja), a tijekom hladnijih mjeseci, izuzev prosinca, bilo ih je nešto manje (u prosjeku 140 od siječnja do ožujka, a u studenome 131 slučaj). Gledajući na godišnjoj razini, bilo je 177 slučajeva mjesečno. Distribucija slučajeva prema uzrocima nije se znatnije razlikovala tijekom godine, izuzevši izloženost Correspondence to: Željka Babić, Institut za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10001 Zagreb. E-mail: zbabic@imi.hr Dežurni telefon / Emergency phone: (+385 1) 2348 342 This report of the Poison Control Centre at the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health continues previous reports published in this journal. It brings basic annual statistics that include the number of calls received by the Poison Control Centre from January to December 2017, as well as information on the callers, patients, and poisoning profiles. In 2017, the Poison Control Centre received 2149 phone calls reporting 2195 cases. In most cases (72 % of total number of calls), the callers/ information users were health care professionals (medical doctors and nurses or technicians), while 28 % of the calls came from the general public. Only two calls were received from employers. The average age of patients with known age was 10 years (median 3 years), ranging from newborns to 92 years of age. Most patients of unknown age were adults (509 of 580 cases of unknown age). The most prevalent age groups were infants and preschool children (from birth to 5 years; 52 % of total number of patients with known age) and adults (36 %). Overall there were slightly more male cases compared to female cases (53 vs. 47 %). In adolescents more female then male cases were recorded (74 %). In adults, both sexes were equally represented. When focusing on the distribution of the number of cases throughout the year, it can be noted that a somewhat larger number of cases was recorded during summertime (204 cases in average from June to September) and in December (223 cases), and less cases during colder months except December (140 cases in average from January to March and 131 cases in November). Examining the year as a whole, the total average number of cases was 177 cases per month. Their distribution according to cause/exposure was evenly distributed throughout the year, except for pesticides (higher exposure during spring and summer), plants and poisonous animals (higher exposure during summer), mushrooms (higher during autumn), and carbon monoxide (during winter).

82 Babić Ž, et al. Report of the Poison Control Centre for 1 January to 31 December 2017 Uzroci otrovanja ili izloženosti u ljudi / Causes of human poisoning or exposure Tvar / Substance Broj slučajeva (% od ukupno) / Number of cases (% of total) Lijekovi / Drugs 770 (36,3) Kućne kemikalije / Household chemicals a 749 (35,3) Industrijske kemikalije / Industrial chemicals 160 (7,5) Pesticidi / Pesticides b 97 (4,6) Biljke / Plants c 83 (3,9) Gljive / Mushrooms 33 (1,6) Hrana / Food c 27 (1,3) Sredstva ovisnosti / Drugs of abuse 25 (1,2) Životinje / Animals 22 (1,0) Ugljikov monoksid / Carbon monoxide 9 (0,4) Alkohol / Alcohol 5 (0,2) Strano tijelo / Foreign body 2 (0,1) Kombinacije / Combinations d 61 (2,9) Ostalo / Miscellaneous 76 (3,6) Nepoznato / Unknown 4 (0,2) UKUPNO / TOTAL 2123 (100) Ukupni broj slučajeva (2.123) ne uključuje 66 poziva u kojem su se tražile informacije iz edukativnih razloga i 6 slučajeva izloženosti životinja. / The total number of cases (2,123) does not include the 66 phone calls asking information for educational reasons and 6 cases of animal exposure. a Uključujući sredstva opće uporabe koja sadržavaju pesticide / Including pesticide-containing products sold to the general public b Ne uključuje sredstva opće uporabe koja sadržavaju pesticide / Does not include pesticide-containing products sold to the general public c Bez gljiva / Mushrooms excluded d Istodobna izloženost ili otrovanje s dvije ili više skupina tvari (najčešće lijekovima i alkoholom) / Concomitant exposure to or poisoning with two or more substance categories (mostly drugs and alcohol) pesticidima (veća učestalost tijekom proljeća i ljeta), biljkama i životinjama (učestalije tijekom ljeta), gljivama (učestalije tijekom jeseni) i ugljičnom monoksidu (tijekom zime). Najzastupljenije tvari koje su uzrokovale otrovanja bili su lijekovi (36 % od ukupnog broja slučajeva s poznatim uzrokom otrovanja) i kućne kemikalije (35 % od ukupnog broja slučajeva s poznatim uzrokom otrovanja). Od lijekova najzastupljeniji su bili psihoaktivni lijekovi (40 % od ukupnog broja slučajeva otrovanja lijekovima), uključujući neuroleptike, benzodiazepine, antidepresive i hipnotike, zatim analgetici i nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi (18 %) i lijekovi za kardiovaskularne bolesti (9 %). Izloženost pesticidima bila je najviša od travnja do srpnja (u prosjeku 14 slučajeva mjesečno), s najvećim brojem slučajeva u svibnju (16 slučajeva). Tijekom ostaloga razdoblja u godini prosječni broj slučajeva izloženosti pesticidima bio je znatno niži, u prosjeku 5 slučajeva mjesečno. Od ukupno 97 slučajeva u vezi s izloženosti pesticidima, u njih 67 procijenjeno je da postoji rizik od njihovih štetnih učinaka, a u ostalim slučajevima način izloženosti nije upućivao na moguće otrovanje. U tih 67 slučajeva, najveći broj bolesnika bio je asimptomatski (73 %) ili je imao blage simptome (25 %). Samo u jednom slučaju zabilježeni su teži simptomi. Pesticid koji je uzrokovao težu kliničku sliku bio je glifosat. Najveći broj otrovanja gljivama uočen je tijekom rujna i listopada (30 od ukupno 33 slučaja). U 31 od ukupno 33 slučaja, na temelju simptoma i načina izloženosti, procijenjeno je da postoji rizik od štetnih učinaka. Većina bolesnika ili nije imala simptome (3 slučaja 10 %) ili je The most prevalent substances were drugs (36 % of all cases with a known cause of intoxication) and household chemicals (35 % of all cases with a known cause of intoxication). The most commonly reported drugs were psychoactive drugs (40 % of all drug poisonings), including neuroleptics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and hypnotics, followed by analgesics and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (18 %) and cardiac drugs (9 %). Exposure to pesticides was higher from April to July (14 cases per month on average) with the peak reported in May (16 cases). During the remaining period of the year, the incidence of this type of exposure was much lower (5 cases per month on average). Based on circumstances of exposure, risk of harmful effects was suspected only in 67 of 97 cases involving pesticide exposure. The majority of these 67 patients were asymptomatic (73 %) or had only mild symptoms (25 %). Serious symptoms occurred in one case. There were no lethal outcomes. The pesticide causing serious clinical features was the herbicide glyphosate. Most cases involving mushroom poisoning occurred during autumn, especially in September and October (30 from total 33 cases). Based on symptoms and exposure circumstances, possible risk of harmful effects was estimated in 31 of the 33 cases. The majority of these 31 patients was either asymptomatic (3 cases, 10 %) or had only mild, usually gastrointestinal symptoms (24 cases, 77 %), while 4 patients (13 %) had more severe symptoms due to ingestion of mushrooms mistaken for field mushrooms and unknown mushrooms. Bites and stings of poisonous animals (22 cases in total), including fishes and sea invertebrates (e.g. from Trachinidae,

83 imala samo blage, uglavnom gastrointestinalne simptome otrovanja (24 slučaja 77 %), a u 4 slučaja (13 %) izloženost gljivama zamijenjenima za pečurke i nepoznatim gljivama prouzročila je teške simptome. Ubodi i ugrizi otrovnih životinja (ukupno 22 slučaja), uključujući ribe i morske beskralježnjake (npr. riba pauk, škarpina, murina), člankonošce (npr. pauci, škorpion, osa) i nepoznate zmije, zabilježeni su najviše u razdoblju od lipnja do kolovoza. Slučajevi otrovanja biljkama (ukupno 83 slučaja) zabilježeni su najviše u razdoblju od lipnja do kolovoza. Najzastupljenije vrste kućnih biljaka bile su adam (Alocasia odora), difenbahija (Diffenbachia spp.), fikus benjamin (Ficus benjamina) i zamija (Zamioculcas zamiifolia), a od ostalih biljaka oleandar (Nerium oleander) i lovor višnja (Prunus laurocerasus). Kudikamo najčešći put unosa bio je ingestijom (83 % od ukupnog broja slučajeva u kojima je put izloženosti bio poznat), a zatim udisanjem (7 %). Od ukupnog broja slučajeva s poznatom kliničkom slikom u kojima je, na temelju simptoma i načina izloženosti, procijenjeno da postoji rizik od štetnih učinaka zbog izloženosti lijeku ili kemikaliji (2009 slučajeva), 58 % bilo je asimptomatsko, 36 % imalo je samo blage simptome (primjerice iritaciju probavnog trakta, glavobolju ili iritaciju Scorpaena scrofa, and Muraena), arthropods (spiders, scorpion, wasp), and unknown snakes were noted mostly from June to August. Intoxications with plants (83 cases in total) were noted mostly from June to August. The most prevalent houseplants were Alocasia odora, Diffenbachia spp., Ficus benjamina, and Zamioculcas zamiifolia. The most prevalent outdoor plants were Nerium oleander and Prunus laurocerasus. Among cases with a known route of exposure, ingestion was by far the most prevalent (83 %), followed by inhalation (7 %). From the total number of cases with known clinical features in which, based on symptoms and exposure circumstances, possible risk of harmful effects was estimated to be related to exposure to a drug or chemical (2009), 58 % were asymptomatic, 36 % had only mild symptoms (such as gastrointestinal irritation, headache, or irritation of skin and respiratory system), and 6 % had severe symptoms (such as serious disturbances of the central nervous system, corrosive injuries of the gastrointestinal tract, or severe respiratory symptoms). One fatal outcome was recorded; the death of a young man (19 years) suspected to have occurred due to the ingestion of the drug diazepam with unknown intention. The most prevalent causative Broj slučajeva prema uzrocima otrovanja ili izloženosti u pojedinim dobnim skupinama / Number of cases according to causes of poisoning or exposure in different age groups Broj slučajeva / Number of cases (% od ukupno / % of total) Tvar / Substance Dojenčad i predškolska djeca / Infants and preschool children Školska djeca i adolescenti / School children and adolescents Odrasli / Adults Lijekovi / Drugs 371 (33,4) 137 (53,9) 262 (34,6) Kućne kemikalije / Household chemicals 538 (48,4) a 39 (15,4) b 172 (22,7) c Industrijske kemikalije / Industrial chemicals 40 (3,6) 21 (8,3) 99 (13,1) Pesticidi / Pesticides 36 (3,2) 7 (2,8) 54 (7,1) Biljke / Plants 63 (5,7) 8 (3,1) 12 (1,6) Gljive / Mushrooms 3 (0,3) 3 (1,2) 27 (3,6) Hrana / Food c 12 (1,1) 6 (2,4) 9 (1,2) Sredstva ovisnosti / Drugs of abuse - 4 (1,6) 21 (2,8) Životinje / Animals 5 (0,5) 2 (0,8) 15 (2,0) Ugljikov monoksid / Carbon monoxide 2 (0,2) 2 (0,8) 5 (0,7) Alkohol / Alcohol 4 (0,4) - 1 (0,1) Strano tijelo / Foreign body 2 (0,2) - - Kombinacije / Combinations d - 12 (4,7) 49 (6,5) Ostalo / Miscellaneous 35 (3,2) 13 (5,1) 28 (3,7) Nepoznato / Unknown - - 4 (0,5) UKUPNO / TOTAL 1111 (100) 254 (100) 758 (100) Dobne skupine definirane su na slici. Ukupni broj slučajeva (2.123) ne uključuje 66 poziva u kojem su se tražile informacije iz edukativnih razloga i 6 slučajeva izloženosti životinja. / Age groups are defined in the Figure. The total number of cases (2,123) does not include the 66 phone calls asking information for educational reasons and 6 cases of animal exposure. a najzastupljenija su bila sredstva za pranje i čišćenje, higijensko-kozmetički proizvodi, igračke i školski pribor, silikagel, kućanski i kozmetički proizvodi s organskim otapalima i živa iz toplomjera / the most prevalent were detergents and cleaning agents, cosmetics, toys and school accessories, silica gel, household and cosmetic products containing organic solvents, and thermometer mercury b najzastupljenija su bili higijensko-kozmetički proizvodi, sredstva za pranje i čišćenje i živa iz toplomjera / the most prevalent were detergents and cosmetics, cleaning agents, and thermometer mercury c najzastupljenija su bila sredstva za pranje i čišćenje, korozivna sredstva i higijensko-kozmetički proizvodi / the most prevalent were detergents and cleaning agents, corrosive substances, and cosmetics d uključujući antiseptike, sredstva za gašenje požara i suzavac / including antiseptics, fire-extinguishing substances, and tear gas

84 Put izloženosti u registriranim slučajevima otrovanja ili izloženosti u ljudi / Route of exposure in registered cases of human poisoning or exposure Put izloženosti / Route of exposure Broj slučajeva / Number of cases (% od ukupno / % of total) Ingestijom / Ingestion 1760 (82,9) Inhalacijom / Inhalation 152 (7,2) Kožom / Dermal 48 (2,3) Konjunktivom oka / Conjunctival 29 (1,4) Ugriz ili ubod / Bite or sting 25 (1,2) Nazalno / Nasal 11 (0,5) Parenteralno / Parenteral 9 (0,4) Rektalno / Rectal 4 (0,2) Majčinim mlijekom / Mother's milk 1 (<0,1) Uhom / Aural 1 (<0,1) Više putova / Combination 77 (3,7) Nepoznato / Unknown 6 (0,3) UKUPNO / TOTAL 2123 (100) Ukupni broj slučajeva (2.123) ne uključuje 66 poziva u kojem su se tražile informacije iz edukativnih razloga i 6 slučajeva izloženosti životinja / The total number of cases (2,123) does not include the 66 phone calls asking information for educational reasons and 6 cases of animal exposure kože i dišnog sustava), a 6 % slučajeva imalo je teške simptome (teži poremećaji središnjeg živčanog sustava, korozivna oštećenja gastrointestinalnog trakta, teški dišni simptomi). Zabilježen je smrtni ishod u mlađeg muškarca (19 godina), moguće zbog ingestije lijeka diazepama iz nepoznate namjere. Najčešći uzroci težih oblika otrovanja bili su lijekovi (u 67 od 126 slučajeva s težom kliničkom slikom), i to ponajprije psihoaktivni (57 slučajeva), a zatim kućne kemikalije (14 slučajeva), industrijske kemikalije (10 slučajeva) i kombinacije tvari (13 slučajeva). Omjer između suicidalnih i zadesnih otrovanja u ukupnom broju slučajeva bio je oko 1:5. U skupini adolescenata taj je omjer bio obratan, s oko dva puta više suicidalnih u odnosu na zadesna otrovanja. U odraslih je zabilježen malo veći broj zadesnih u odnosu na suicidalna agents responsible for severe clinical presentations were drugs (67 out of 126 cases with severe clinical presentation), mostly psychoactive (57 cases), followed by household chemicals (14 cases), industrial chemicals (10 cases), and combinations of substances (13 cases). The ratio between suicidal and accidental poisonings was 1:5. In the adolescent group, the ratio was reversed, with about twice as much suicidal compared to accidental poisonings. A somewhat higher number of accidental compared to suicidal poisonings was recorded in adults (381 and 239 cases, respectively), whereas 67 % of female adolescent poisonings were due to an attempted suicide. Occupational exposure to toxic substances was reported in 42 cases. Occupational poisonings occurred mostly in men (62 %). In 37 cases, the clinical presentation was related to exposure. In most of the stated 37 cases, exposure Distribucija slučajeva otrovanja u ljudi prema dobi i spolu / Age and sex distribution of human exposure cases Dobne skupine definirane su: dojenčad do uključivo 23 mjeseca života; predškolska djeca od 2 do uključivo 5 godina; školska djeca od 6 do uključivo 12 godina; adolescenti od 13 do uključivo 17 godina; odrasli navršenih 18 godina i stariji / Age groups are defined as: infants up to 23 months; preschool children 2 to 5 years; school children 6 to 12 years; adolescents 13 to 17 years; adults 18 and more years

85 otrovanja (381 prema 239 slučajeva). U adolescentica je 67 % slučajeva otrovanja bio pokušaj suicida. Zabilježena su 42 slučaja profesionalne izloženosti otrovnim tvarima. Prevladavao je muški spol (62 %). U 37 slučajeva klinička slika mogla se povezati s izloženošću. Od tih 37 slučajeva većina je bila praćena blažom kliničkom slikom (92 % slučaja), dva slučaja (5 %) nisu bila praćena simptomima, a u jednom slučaju (3 %) prijavljeni su teži simptomi. Sredstvo koje je uzrokovalo teže simptome bio je razrjeđivač. Nije bilo profesionalnih otrovanja sa smrtnim ishodom. resulted only in mild symptoms (92 % of cases), in two cases (5 %) the patient was asymptomatic, while severe symptoms were reported in one case (3 %). The product reported in this severe case was paint thinner. There were no occupational exposures with a fatal outcome. Okolnosti otrovanja ili razlog traženja informacije / Circumstances of exposure cases or type of information request Okolnosti otrovanja/razlog traženja informacije Circumstances of exposure/ type of information request Broj slučajeva / Number of cases (% od ukupno / % of total) Slučajno / Accidental 1628 (74,2) Suicidalno / Suicidal 326 (14,9) Edukativni razlog poziva / Educational reason 66 (3,0) Abuzus / Substance abuse 59 (2,7) Profesionalno / Occupational 42 (1,9) Psihijatrijski bolesnik / Psychiatric patient 20 (0,9) Nuspojava lijeka / Drug side-effect 18 (0,8) Iatrogeno / Iatrogenic 9 (0,4) Napad /Assault 4 (0,2) Ostalo / Miscellaneous - Nepoznato / Unknown 23 (1,0) UKUPNO / TOTAL 2195 (100) Ukupni broj slučajeva (2.195) uključuje slučajeve u ljudi i životinja The total number of cases (2,195) includes human and animal cases Klinička slika otrovanja po dobnim skupinama / Medical outcome by patient age Simptomi / Symptoms Dojenčad / Infants Predškolska djeca / Preschool children Školska djeca i adolescenti / School children and adolescents Odrasli / Adults Nepoznata dob / Age unknown UKUPNO / TOTAL (% od ukupno / % of total) Nema / Asymptomatic 397 475 106 190-1168 (57,4) Blagi / Mild 74 126 128 386-714 (35,1) Teški / Severe 5 5 13 103-126 (6,2) Smrt / Death - - - 1-1 (<0,1) Nepoznato / Unknown 2 10 2 12-26 (1,3) UKUPNO / TOTAL 478 616 249 692-2035 (100) Ukupni broj slučajeva (2.035) uključuje samo slučajeve u kojima je, temeljem simptoma i načina izloženosti, procijenjeno da postoji rizik od štetnih učinaka uslijed izloženosti lijeku ili kemikaliji i ne uključuje 66 poziva u kojem su se tražile informacije iz edukativnih razloga i 6 slučajeva izloženosti životinja The total number of cases (2,035) includes only those in which, based on symptoms and exposure circumstances, risk of harmful effects was estimated to be related to exposure to a drug or chemical, and does not include the 66 phone calls asking information for educational reasons and 6 cases of animal exposure