Curvularia martyniicola, a new species of foliicolous hyphomycetes on Martynia annua from India

Studies in Fungi 3(1): 27 33 (2018) www.studiesinfungi.org ISSN 2465-4973 Article Doi 10.5943/sif/3/1/4 Copyright Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Curvularia martyniicola, a new species of foliicolous hyphomycetes on Martynia annua from India Kumar S 1 and Singh R 2 1 Department of Forest Pathology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi 680653, Kerala, India. 2 Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005,U.P., India Kumar S, Singh R 2018 Curvularia martyniicola, a new species of foliicolous hyphomycetes on Martynia annua from India. Studies in Fungi 3(1), 27 33, Doi 10.5943/sif/3/1/4 Abstract In the micromycofloristic survey of some dematiaceous hyphomycetes from the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh (India), an undescribed species (C. martyniicola) of anamorphic fungus Curvularia Boedijn was found on living leaves of Martynia annua (Martyniaceae). The novel fungus is described, illustrated and discussed in details. The present species is compared with earlier reported similar taxon, and is characterized by longer conidiophores and conidia with less septa. A key is provided to all the species of Curvularia recorded on Martyniaceae and Pedaliaceae. The details of nomenclatural novelties were deposited in MycoBank (www.mycobank.org). Key words Curvularia foliar disease hyphomycetes mycodiversity taxonomy Introduction Martyniaceae is one of the families of flowering plants belong to order Lamiales. Earlier, this family was included in the Pedaliaceae in the Cronquist system (under the order Scrophulariales) but now it has been separated from the Pedaliaceae based on phylogenetic study. Some members of the family are commonly known as Devil s claw, Cat s claw or Unicorn plant. The family consists of five genera and sixteen species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016). The family is restricted to the New World and found primarily in subtropical and warm temperate areas from the southern half of the United States southward through Central America to Uruguay and Argentina, including many of the islands of the West Indies. Regarding Pedaliaceae, commonly called Sesame family or Pedalia family, includes 13 genera and 75 species (Christenhusz & Byng 2016). Both families are characterized by having mucilaginous hairs, which often give the stems and leaves a slimy or clammy feel, and often have fruits with hooks or horns. Curvularia (Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Pleosporales, Pleosporaceae), is an anamorphic fungal genera established by Boedijn (1933) with type species Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn. The teleomorph of the fungus is Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis 1964. The species of the genus was mostly recorded from tropical region but few were reported from temperate region as plant pathogen, epiphytes, endophytes or saprobes on plant material, the genus has received attention comprising several species from clinical specimens from immune compromised patients (da Cunha et al. 2013, Madrid et al. 2014). Also, some species of Curvularia are reported from air (Almaguer et al. 2013), freshwater (Verma et al. 2013), marine (Dai et al. 2010) and wetlands (Monteiro et al. 2003) ecosystems. Submitted 3 November 2017, Accepted 21 February 2018, Published 22 February 2018 Corresponding Author: Shambhu Kumar e-mail skumartaxon@gmail.com 27

After new phylogenetic refinements (Manamgoda et al. 2012, Tan et al. 2014) some species previously known as Bipolaris were also grouped in Curvularia according to molecular data. Therefore now there are also distoseptate conidia in the genus Curvularia.The genus was characterized by having geniculate conidiophores and distoseptate to euseptate, curved conidia with enlarged darkened median cell by which the genus can be easily differ from Drechslera and Bipolaris (having distoseptate conidia). Total 155 records were available in indexfungorum (www.indexfungorum.org; retrieved 21 February 2018). In 2014, this fungus was collected on living leaves of Martynia annua L. (Martyniaceae) during the investigations of microfungi associated with foliar disease of plant in the Terai region (subtropical region) of Uttar Pradesh (India). It showed remarkable differences from previously described Curvularia sp. and is therefore described here as new. Materials & Methods In the continuation of characterization and exploration of foliar disease of plants from Terai region of Uttar Pradesh, India, the Martynia annua plant showing leaf blights were collected from Buddha Men s Hostel (26 45 00.27 N and 83 23 10.64 E) of Gorakhpur University. The digital photographs of infection spots on host leaves were taken during the time of collection by using a Sony DSC-5730 camera. The samples were placed in separate zip-lock polyethylene bags and transported to the laboratory and processed by following the standard techniques (Castañeda-Ruiz 2005). The specimens for microscopic observation were prepared by hand sectioning and scraping, the slide preparations were mounted on clear lacto-phenol cotton blue mount mixture from infected areas of the leaves. Observations were made with an Olympus BX-51 light microscope by using the Syntek USB camera. The detailed observations and measurements of morphological characters were carried out at different magnification through a light microscope (400 and 1000 ). Morphotaxonomic determinations were made with the help of current literatures. The dried leaf specimen has been deposited in the Ajrekar Mycological Herbarium, (AMH, ARI), Pune. The taxonomic identifications were based on the literatures like Ellis (1971, 1976), Cannon & Kirk (2007) and Seifert et al. (2011). The basis for the classification was the Kirk et al. (2008) system. This new findings were verified using the database of Index Fungorum (2018), Facesoffungi (Jayasiri et al. 2015) and Mycobank (2017). Results Taxonomy Curvularia martyniicola Sham. Kumar & Raghv. Singh, sp. nov. Figs 1 6 MycoBank MB823340; Facesoffungi number: FoF03859 Etymology: the specific epithet in reference to the host. Anamorphic fungus, hyphomycetes, Phytopathogenic, Foliicolous, Infection spots initially hypogenous but later on amphigenous, circular, sub-circular to irregular, necrotic to blight, initially dark brown, but later blackish. Colonies effuse, grayish brown to dark brown. Mycelium internal. Sexual morph: undetermined. Asexual morph on leaves: Stromata absent. Conidiophores arising singly or in fasicles (2 4), cylindrical, erect to procumbent, geniculate, straight to flexuous, unbranched, smooth, thick-walled, 5 10-septate, mid brown, 95 200 5 7 µm, basal cell swollen. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, mono to polytretic, scars thickened. Conidia acrogenous, dry, solitary, simple, unbranched, thick-walled, smooth, straight to curved, ellipsoidal to curved, 2 3-septate, 25 45 10 15 µm (x = 35 12.5 μm, n = 15), rounded at both ends; with third cell larger than other cells, dark brown, hilum thickened (1.5 2 µm) and protuberant. Teleomorph not observed. Known distribution India (in this paper) 28

Material examined INDIA, Uttar Pradesh, Gorakhpur, Buddha Men s Hostel, Gorakhpur University Campus, on living leaves of Martynia annua L. (Martyniaceae), 7 th October, 2014, Coll., Shambhu Kumar, AMH-9701 (holotype), BSIPMH-045 (isotype). Notes There was no any record of Curvularia on host and family (Farr & Rossman 2018) but C. eragrostidis (Henn.) J.A. Meyer (1959) has reported on previously placed family Pedaliaceae. Therefore, the present collection is comparable with C. eragrostidis. (Table 1) Based on comparison it is clear that the conidiophores of C. martyniicola are longer and have more septa (95 200 5 7 µm, 5 10-septate) than C. eragrostidis (75 85 5 7 µm, 5 6-septate). The conidia of C. martyniicola are longer (25 45 10 15 µm), less septate (2 3) and slightly straight to curved as compared to C. eragrostidis (22 33 10 18 µm, 3-septate). Therefore, the present collection is treated as new species. Table 1 Comparison of C. martyniicola with similar sp. Curvularia spp. Conidiophores Conidia Host C. eragrostidis 75 85 5 7 µm, 5 6-septate 22 33 10 18 µm, 3-septate, straight Sesamum C. martyniicola 95 200 5 7 µm, 5 10-septate 25 45 10 15 µm, 2 3-septate, slightly straight to curved Martynia Key of all Curvularia spp. reported on Martyniaceae and Pedaliaceae 1 Conidiophores shorter (75 85 5 7 µm) and less (5 6) septate......2 1*Conidiophore longer (95 200 5 7 µm) and more (5 10) septate....3 2 Conidia smaller (22 33 10 18 µm), 3-septate and straight....c. eragrostidis 3 Conidia longer (25 45 10 15 µm), 2 3-septate and slightly straight to curved C. martyniicola 29

Figs 1 3 Curvularia martyniicola on Martynia annua L. (AMH 9701, holotype). 1 Host plant. 2 Early stage of infection on leaf. 3 Late stage of infection on leaf. Scale bars: 2 3 = 20 mm. 30

Figs 4 6 Curvularia martyniicola, microphotographs (AMH 9701, holotype). 4 Conidiophores in fascicle. 5 Conidiophores with conidia. 6 Conidia. Scale bars: 4 6=20 µm. 31

Acknowledgements We express our gratitude to the Director, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala for necessary facilities. We are thankful to the Anonymous reviewer for their constructive review with criticism on the manuscript. Thanks are also due to the Curator, Ajrekar Mycological Herbarium (AMH), Agharkar Research Institute, Pune for providing accession numbers. Financial assistance (SB/YS/LS-288/2013) to the first author (SK) provided by the SERB, DST, Govt. of India is very much acknowledged. References Almaguer M, Rojas TI, Dobal V, Batista A, Aira MJ. 2013 Effect of temperature on growth and germination of conidia in Curvularia and Bipolaris species isolated from the air. Aerobiologia 29 (1), 13 20. Boedijn KB. 1933 Über einige phragmosporen Dematiazen. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg. 13, 120 134. Cannon PF, Kirk PF. 2007 Fungal Families of the World. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. pp 456. Castañeda-Ruiz R. 2005 Metodología en el estudio de los hongos anamorfos. In: Anais do V Congresso Latino Americano de Micologia, Brasília, pp 182 183. Christenhusz MJM, Byng JW. 2016 The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa 261, 201 217. da Cunha KC, Sutton DA, Fothergill AW, Gené J et al. 2013 In vitro antifungal susceptibility and molecular identity of 99 clinical isolates of the opportunistic fungal genus Curvularia. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease 76, 168 174. Dai J, Krohn K, Flörke U, Pescitelli G et al. 2010 Curvularin-Type Metabolites from the Fungus Curvularia sp. Isolated from a Marine Alga. European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2010, 6928 6937. Ellis MB. 1971 Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England. pp 608. Ellis MB. 1976 More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England. pp 507. Farr DF, Rossman AY. 2018 Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, retrieved February 21, 2018, from http://nt.arsgrin.gov/fungaldatabases/ Indexfungorum. 2018 www.indexfungorum.org; retrieved 21 February 2018. Jayasiri SC, Hyde KD, Ariyawansa HA, Bhat J et al. 2015 The Faces of Fungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts. Fungal Diversity 74, 3 18. Kirk PF, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. 2008 Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. pp 784. Seifert KA, Morgan-Jones G, Gams W, Kendrick B. 2011 The genera of Hyphomycetes. CBS- KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre Utrecht, the Netherland. MycoBank. 2017 MycoBank (Fungal databases nomenclature and species banks). www.mycobank.org, accessed 30 October 2017. Meyer JA. 1959 Moisissures du sol et des litières de la région de Yangambi (Congo Belge). Publications de l'institut Agronomique du Congo Belge. 75, 1 211. Madrid H, da Cunha KC, Gené J, Dijksterhuis J et al. 2014 Novel Curvularia species from clinical specimens. Persoonia 33, 48 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3767/003158514x683538 Manamgoda DS, Cai L, McKenzie EHC, Crous PW et al. 2012 A phylogenetic and taxonomic re-evaluation of the Bipolaris Cochliobolus Curvularia complex. Fungal Diversity 56, 131 144. Monteiro FT, Vieira BS, Barreto RW. 2003 Curvularia lunata and Phyllachora sp.: two fungal pathogens of the grassy weed Hymenachne amplexicaulis from Brazil. Australasian Plant Pathology 32, 449 453. 32

Tan YP, Madrid H, Crous PW, Shivas RG. 2014 Johnalcornia gen. et. comb. nov., and nine new combinations in Curvularia based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. Australasian Plant Pathology 43: 589 603. Verma P, Singh S, Singh R. 2013 Seven species of Curvularia isolated from three lakes of Bhopal. Advances in Life Science and Technology 8, 13 15. 33