Student #: Do not write your name on this examination Research in Psychology I; Final Exam Fall 200 Instructor: Jeff Aspelmeier NOTE: THIS EXAMINATION MAY NOT BE RETAINED BY STUDENTS This exam is worth 100 points: 0 points for multiple choice questions and 0 points for the computation section. Be sure to read all directions very carefully before you begin. 1. Be sure you answer all 0 Multiple choice questions. 2. The second part of the exam consists of computation problems, do all of them.. If you have questions while taking the exam, please feel free to ask. GOOD LUCK!!!!!! Part I 0 points : Multiple choice items (1. points each): There is one best answer for each question. Please read each question very carefully and then read each of the possible answers before circling the best response to the question. This is open book & open note, but don t waste too much time looking up answers you don t know, come back to them if you have time. 1. The degree to which a research situation resembles the real world refers to with of the following? A. Internal Validity B. Ecological/Functional Realism C. Mundane Realism D. Sample Representativeness 2. Following experimental methodology and minimizing extraneous (or confounding) variables such that we can determine when variables are causally related will maximize... A. Internal Validity B. Error C. Test-retest reliability D. External Validity 3. With respect to survey studies which of the following is true. A. They are extremely high in internal validity B. They are potentially high in generalizability to the population C. They can be used to establish cause effect relationships D. They provide extremely detailed information about individual cases.. When participants tend to agree with the statements in a questionnaire, regardless of their true feelings, this is referred to as? A. Response Deviation C. Response Acquiescence B. Social Desirability D. Impression Management. Bob desperately wants to be like Gene Simons, though Bob clearly can not play the Base guitar and he looks more like Bill Gates than Gene Simons. Bob is asked to complete a measure of Gene Simons Resemblance (GSR), a characteristic that people generally have mixed feelings about (neither strongly positive nor strongly negative). Bob rates himself as a for every question on the questionnaire (using a scale of 1-, where a higher score represents greater resemblance to Gene). Bob is most likely demonstrating which of the following. A. Response Deviation C. Impression Management B. Unrealistic Optimism D. Rectal-Craniosity. If we wanted to establish consistency of a measure over time we would use which of the following? A. Test-Retest reliability B. Split-Half Reliability C. Inter-Rater Reliability D. Internal Consistency Reliability. When we want to know whether the questions of a measure all seem to assess the same the thing then we should use which of the following? A. Test-Retest reliability C. Inter-Rater Reliability B. Alternate Forms Reliability D. Internal Consistency Reliability. Chronbach s Alpha is used to assess which of the following types of reliability? A. Test-Retest reliability C. Inter-Rater Reliability B. Alternate Forms Reliability D. Internal Consistency Reliability
9. The degree to which the items of a measure are relevant to and represent the construct of interest, refers to which of the following? A. Content Validity B. Construct Validity C. Criterion Validity D. External Validity 11. Assume that we want to assess the construct validity of our GSR (Gene Simons Resemblance) scale. According to theory of Gene Simons Resemblance, we would expect our GSR measure to be strongly positively associated with the SHeMALE (the Scale of Heavy Metal Attitudes: Long Edition). Which of the correlations below would suggest that we have adequate convergent validity. A..1 B..3 C..00 D. -.3 12. Again assume that we are testing the construct validity of our GSR measure. According to theory, GSR reflects a distinct psychological phenomenon and not just general psychopathology (mental disturbances) or lack thereof. Thus we test the association between GSR and the Neuroticism scale of the NEO (a validated measure of the Big Five personality factors). Of the following correlations, which would suggest that we have adequate Discriminant Validity. A..90 B..3 C..00 D. -.90 13. ΣΧ Χ = n A. True B. False 1. Which of the following is a single value that lets us summarize a whole data set? A. Frequency Distribution C. Outlier B. Measure of Central Tendency D. All of the Above 1. Which of the following measures directly considers every value in a data set in its calculation? A. Median B. Mode C. Mean D. All of these 1 Which of the following is a measure of the dispersion between the mean, median, and mode? A. Kurtosis B. Skewness C. Variance D. Centrality 1 If the mean is substantially larger than either the median or the mode then which of the following is true? A. The distribution of your data is normal B. There is very little variability in your data C. Your distribution is likely positively skewed D. You distribution is likely negatively skewed 1. Measures that tell us how our data is dispersed within a data set are known as measures of. A. Centrality B. Variability C. Probability 19. A is a simple measure of the distance between the largest and smallest observations in a data set. A. Variance B. Standard Deviation C. Range D. Z-score 20. The Standard Deviation and Variance will always be larger when measuring data from a. A. Single Subject B. Population C. Sample D. None of the above 21. Assume that a scientist measured the number of grilled-cheese-sandwiches that concert-goers bought in the parking-lot after a Grateful Dead show, and he found that on the first night the 10 people he randomly sampled all bought grilled-cheese-sandwiches. On the second night, he found of the 10 people sampled, 2 people bought 3 sandwiches, 2 people bought sandwiches, 2 people bought sandwiches, 2 people bought sandwiches, and 2 people bought sandwiches. Which of the following is true: A. There was more variance in the number of sandwiches bought on the first night. B. There was more variance in the number of sandwiches bought on the second night. C. There was no difference in variance for either night. D. There were more sandwiches bought the second night than on the first. 22. Which of the following measures does NOT consider every element in a data set for its calculation?
A. Range B. Variance C. Standard Deviation D. None of these 23. For data that is normally distributed 3(X-0) =? A. 1 B. 0 C. -1 2. A measure of variance or standard deviation (e.g. s 2 or s) can never be negative. A. True B. False 2. Pearson-Product Moment Correlations (i.e., Pearson s r) allow us to measure the association between which types of Variables? A. Nominal and Interval/Ratio C. Interval/Ratio and Interval/Ratio B. Nominal and Ordinal D. None of these 2. Which of the following is NOT true. A. Almost all research is based on the notion of trying to show causality. B. Causality can be absolutely proven with correlational data. C. Causality is the notion that one event or series of events causes another event(s) to occur. D. The Independent Variable is viewed as the hypothetical cause of the Dependent Variable. 2. Which of the following examples demonstrates a Negative Linear Relationship (irrespective of whether the relationship is statistically significant). A. As the amount of beer consumed increases, the intensity of the hangover increases. B. As the number of bowls of 3 alarm chili consumed decreases, the number of gastrointestinal anomalies experienced decreases. C. As the number of years of college attended increases, the strength of feelings of anxiety and despair about one's future life increases. D. As the Amount of THC consumed increases, the length of attention span decreases. 2. Assume that a researcher discovered that there was a significant positive correlation between snorting Jello up one s nose and having hallucinations involving Nancy Reagan and a talking Manatee bowling for dollars with Malcolm X. The results of this study could be interpreted in which of the following ways? A. Snorting Jello Causes Hallucinations B. Hallucinations Causes Jello Snorting C. Some other unmeasured variable is responsible for the association between Jello Snorting and Hallucinations D. All of these are potential interpretations E. None of these are potential interpretations 29. The amount of variance shared by two variables is called. A. Unexplained Variance C. Error Variance B. Residual Variance D. Covariance 30. If s 2 total (total variance) is equal to s 2 error (error variance), then r =? A. 0 B. 1 C. the value of r is unknown. 31. The statistic that tells us the percent of variance in one variable that is accounted for (explained by) variance in a second variable is called. A. Covariance B. Residual Variance C. Coefficient of Determination D. Correlation Coefficient 32. Which of the following correlation coefficients demonstrates the strongest relationship between two variables. A..01 B. -. C..3 D. -.01 33. Which of the following Pearson s correlation coefficients (r) would be considered a large effect size according to the standards set by Cohen? A..10 B..13 C..23 D..3 3. A measure of covariance can never be negative. A. True B. False
3. Which of the following represents the Null and Alternative Hypothesis for a correlation coefficient. A. H o : r = 1, H a : r = 0 C. H o : r 1, H a : r = 1 B. H o : r = 0, H a : r 0 D. H o : r 1, H a : r = 0 3. With respect to the critical value of a correlation, what happens as the number of subjects goes up (assuming the p value remains constant). A. r critical goes up B. r critical goes down C. r critical is based on the number of groups not subjects, so it does not change 3. With respect to the critical value of a correlation, what happens as the p value decreases (assuming the number of participants is constant). A. r critical goes up B. r critical goes down C. it does not change 3. If a scientist obtains a correlation coefficient of r(13) =.2, p>.0, how many subjects would the researcher need to add to the study in order for a correlation of.2 to be considered significant. 39. Of the scattetplots (scattergrams) bellow, which represents the Strongest Correlation. A. B. C. 0. If you could be any of the following country and western songs, which would it be? A. Honey, I love you at least one standard deviation more than I love my truck and my dog combined. B. Why did you send my Monkey home on the train. C. If you ve got the smile I got the tooth. D. There s a tear in my beer and the sheep they live in fear. Part II. 0 pts. Computational Problems: carefully read each question and complete the requested calculations. Be sure to show all of your work (either on the test if there is room, or on separate pieces of paper) and turn in all papers showing work. Partial credit will be given even if the answer is incorrect, but only if I can see what you did, so show your work.
D. (10 pts) Based on the cartoon above, a researcher wants to investigate the relationship between Resemblance to Gene Simmons (GSR), Heavy Metal Attitudes (SHeMALE), and Computer Usage. The researcher also took into account the Age of the participants. Data was collected by asking individuals to provide self-reports regarding all of the variables described above. The results of the statistical analyses are presented on the next page. Each analysis is numbered to indicate the order in which they were conducted. Using this data, answer the following questions. 1. (1 pts) How many people participated in this study? 2. (2 pts) What are the mean, standard deviation, and range for Age and GSR? 3. (2 pts)what is the correlation between age and GSR? Is it significant? (Be sure to report your answer in APA format.). (1 pt) How much of the variance in the association between GSR and Heavy Metal Attitudes is attributable to error?. (2 pts) With respect to the correlations between Age and GSR, what do the results mean (people and behaviors)?. (2 pts) what does the correlation between GSR and Computer Usage mean (people and behaviors)?
C. (1 pts.) Assume that a scientist is interested in measuring the number of thoughts per minute the average nine year old has when watching Television as compared to when they read a Book. The scientist measured two groups of nine-yearolds with members in each group. One group was measured while watching Television and the other while reading a Book. The data is given below. Subject 1 2 3 # of Thoughts/min. TV Group Subject 1 2 3 # of Thoughts/min. Book Group 3 9 1. ( pts) Find the Mean, Median, and Mode for each data set. 2. ( pts) Find the s 2 for both data sets. 2. (2 pts) Find the s for both data sets. 3. (2 pts) Looking at the means and standard deviations of the TV and Book data sets, what conclusions can you draw about the number of thoughts these two forms of entertainment inspire.
E. (1 pts) Suppose we want to test the idea that the smarter you are the more scatter-brained you become (the nutty professor stereotype). We select 10 nine year old subjects and measure their IQ and the number of times per a month that they put their pants on backwards. The sums for the raw data are given below. EX = 229 EY = 90 EX 2 = 9 EY 2 = 923 EXY = 222 A. (10 pts.) Calculate r, r 2, and 1-r 2. B. (3 pts) Preform the appropriate test of significance. (report the highest level of significance reached in the appropriate format) C. (2 pts) Interpret these results. Be sure to discuss the results in terms of the original hypothesis, how much variance is accounted for by the hypothesized relationship, and how much variance is accounted for by other factors.