The Tragic Reality of Violence: Has Violence Against Women Impeded Progress in s? Ali Caless & Erlina Chia
At a Glance: Up to 71% of women are targeted in their lifetime Endless links to other issues Gaining worldwide attention http://feminist.org
Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life www.unifem.org
s Links to Violence Against Women Goal #5: Improve Maternal Health in Reproductive Years: Intimate partner violence, Marital rape, Dowry abuse and murders, Honor killings, Psychological abuse, & More www. unifem.org
Goal #6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Prevention strategies relying on male compliance Forced sex more likely to transmit virus through tears in vagina Married women with infected husbands (marital rape not illegal in many countries) Fear of violence or shame prevents many women from seeking treatment
Progress in Goal 5: Sub-Saharan Africa Globally: 47% improvement vs 75% (Target) 56% of global maternal mortality MMR: 500 Main Causes: Haemorrhage (34%), Infection (10%), Hypertensive Disorder (9%), Obstructed Labour (4%) United Nations. (2012). The millennium development goals report 2012.
Progress in Goal 6: Sub-Saharan Africa UNAIDS. (2010). 2010 Report on the global aids epidemic, geneva: UNAIDS. 22.5 million people with HIV (68% of global infections) Approx. 60% of all women with HIV globally Number of new infections decreased by 20% Total number of infections increased
Rape as a Weapon of War http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtatny2hraa http://politicaladvertising.co.uk
Rape Crisis: Democratic Republic of the Over 200,000 women and girls raped "Aimed at the complete physical and psychological destruction of women with implications for the entire society" www.economist.com
Rape Crisis: Democratic Republic of the Practical problems with legal system -getting to a court -$ for police training/enforcement -keeping people in jail Hybrid local and international courts Global awareness International pressure on government
: I got married in 2004 and my husband started giving me STDs (sexually transmitted diseases)... He goes out with women. When I ask for a condom, or go to the clinic to get treatment, he starts beating me. In January 2006, I went to VCT (voluntary counseling and testing for HIV)... The results came positive. From the time I got the results, he started beating me up... He beat me everywhere. When I was four months pregnant he beat me until the placenta came out. - Mercy from Lusaka (Capital of ) : curbing sexual and gender-based violence. (2008). In Human Rights Watch.
: 440 deaths per 100,000 live birth (2010) 76,000 new adults infected with HIV (2009)
: Social Factors: Low status of women; Low levels of education; Poverty; Violence; Stigma Political Factors: Lack of trust in law enforcement and judiciary Cultural Factors: Traditions - Customary Law Marriages; Malobolo (Bridal Price) Structural Factors: Lack of access to treatment and health facilities - Distance & Cost
: Study on IPV Aim: Understand women's attitude towards intimate partner violence (IPV) in Results: Women with restricted access to education, married and previously married women, women in agricultural sector, women with history of IPV -> MORE tolerant of IPV Structurally disempowered women more likely to justify IPV than more empowered peers Lawoko, S. (2006). Factors associated with attitudes toward intimate partner violence: a study of women in. Violence and Victims, 645-656, 21.
: Gender Inequality Poor Economic Status Negative Cultural Practices Violence Against Women () Maternal Mortality HIV Infections
Gender Inequality & Violence " is both an example of gender inequality and a means by which it is perpetuated" Gender Inequality www.unifem.org Progress in s cipe.org
What Can Be Done?
Questions? Comments?
A global overview of maternal mortality. (2012). In Childinfo. Retrieved from http://www.childinfo.org/maternal_mortality_overview.html\ Africa Focus: Tanzania - Private investment holds Bibliography the key. (2012). In Power Engineering International. Retrieved from http:// www.powerengineeringint.com/articles/print/volume-20/issue-7/special-report-africa-focus/africa-focus-tanzania-private-investment-holds-thekey.html Brenda, Z. (2011). : women and maternal mortality. Times of. Retrieved from http://allafrica.com/stories/201103100012.html Goal 5: Improve maternal health. (n.d.). In un.org. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/maternal.shtml HIV and AIDS in. (n.d.). In AVERTing HIV and AIDS. Retrieved from http://www.avert.org/aids-zambia.htm Holley, S., Sommerfelt, A. E., Renna, B., Doyin, O., Karen, F., & Stella, G. (2010, December). Domestic violence against women in sub-saharan Africa: associations with maternal health. Presentation presented in commemoration of 16 days of activism against gender inequality at PATH. Improve maternal health. (n.d.). In MONITOR. Retrieved from http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal5.cfm Jose, L. A., Ruth, G., Valentin, H., & Angel, G. (2009). Factors associate with maternal mortality in sub-saharan Africa: an ecological study. BMC Public Health, 9, 42. Kandala, N. B., Ji, C., Cappuccio, P. F., & Stones, R. W. (2008). The epidemiology of HIV infection in. Clinical Sciences Research Institute. Lawoko, S. (2006). Factors associated with attitudes toward intimate partner violence: a study of women in. Violence and Victims, 645-656, 21. Making change happen. (n.d.). In UNIFEM. Retrieved from http://www.unifem.org/attachments/products/ sandgenderequality_1_makingchangehappen.pdf Maternal deaths have halved in the past 20 years. (2012). In UNFRA Africa. Retrieved from http://africa.unfpa.org/public/cache/offonce/news/pid/ 10756;jsessionid=035527601399B3E387D15A70F5D756D7.jahia01 Patricio, V. M. (2012). Thou shall not die: reducing maternal death in sub-sahara Africa. blogs.worldbank.org. Retrieved from http:// blogs.worldbank.org/africacan/thou-shall-not-die-reducing-maternal-deaths-in-sub-sahara-africa Reaching out to women in rural. (2012). In UNFPA. Retrieved from http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/news/pid/12039 Sub-Saharan Africa s maternal death rate down 41 per cent. (2012). In UNFPA Africa. Retrieved from http://africa.unfpa.org/public/cache/offonce/ news/pid/10767 The unfinished agenda. (n.d.) in UNIFEM. Retrieved from http://www.unifem.org/attachments/products/ sandgenderequality_2_unfinishedagenda.pdf The tragic reality of violence. (n.d.). In UNIFEM. Retrieved from http://www.unifem.org/attachments/products/ sandgenderequality_4_tragicrealityofviolence.pdf UNDP. (2011). millennium development goals progress report 2011. UNAIDS. (2010). 2010 Report on the global aids epidemic, geneva: UNAIDS. UNAIDS. (2004). Aids epidemic update. Women and Aids. UNIFEM. (2010). Gender justice: key to achieving the millennium development goals. United Nation. (2010). Goal 5 Improve maternal health. New York. United Nations. (2012). The millennium development goals report 2012. UN Human Rights Committee. (2007). Human rights violations in. Part II: Women s rights. Violence against women. (2011). In World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/