I. Body H 2 O = HEMOTOLOGY A. Variable quantities 1. sweating and urination ( ) decreases H 2 O 2. drinking H 2 O increases B. Water is found in two compartments 1. contains 2/3 of all water in your body 2. contains 1/3 of all water in your body C. Total Blood Volume 1. Females = 2. Males = 2. Functions of Blood a. 80% of extracellular fluid b. 20% of extracellular fluid A. Transport nutrients and wastes B. Helps stabilize body temperature -heats up and cools down slowly which moderates body temp C. Transports hormones -from from endocrine gland to target organ D. Prevents loss of body fluids (i.e. blood clotting) E. Contains cells involved in immunosurveillance -looking for antigens like bacteria and viruses F. Indicator of health (or disease) doctor blood sample 1. by looking at skin 2. urine analysis 3. blood analysis
Components of blood I. General A. two main components 1. a. water b. solutes (proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, gases) 2. a. or red blood cells (RBC) b. or white blood cells (WBC) c. or platelets B. hematocrit 1. 55% = 2. 1% = 3. 45% = C. formation of formed elements 1. formed elements are made in the 2. process is called 3. all formed elements are made from the same stem cells called hematopoietic stem cells or
II. Erythrocytes = red blood cells = RBC A. Characteristics 1. RBC s per cubic ml of blood a. slightly greater in males due to testosterone 2. diameter is 7-8 µm ( ) 3. a. only a 100 day life span with no nucleus b. estimated that 2 million cells are made in every second c. that means 2 million are destroyed every second 4., but not hollow in the middle a. RBC s are bendable and can change shape 5. function is to 6. contain hemoglobin a. each hemoglobin molecule has 4 protein molecules called globins and 4 red iron containing heme groups b. If there are 25,000,000 molecules of hemoglobin per RBC, and each heme group can carry one oxygen molecule, then each RBC can carry 1 million molecules of oxygen c. Hb + O 2 = HbO 2 ( ) B. production of RBC 1. called 2. hormone called released in the kidney stimulate in red marrow 3. stem cells = hemocytoblast ( ) proerythroblast ( ) erythrocyte ( ) C. destruction of RBC 1. spleen ( ) and liver ( ) destroy old RBC s 2. macrophages engulf and destroy 3. iron is broken off from the heme group and reused 4. globin protein is broken down into amino acids and reused
III. Leukocytes = white blood cells = WBC A. characteristics 1. per cubic ml of blood 2. WBC s have 3. look white in tissues when found in clusters 4. -they can move in and out of bloodstream (RBC can t) 5. amoeba-like movements 6. when WBC s leave the bloodstream to fight an infection, the body makes more because 7. most WBC s produced in red bone marrow, but some produced in 8. lifespan varies from a B. production of WBC 1. called - 2. hormone called stimulate luekopoiesis in red marrow 3. stem cells = hemocytoblast ( ) 3 branches ( ) luekocyte ( ) C. destruction of RBC 1. dead cells absorbed into digestive tract, D. 2 major categories of WBC 1. Granulocytes ( ) a) neutrophil = b) eosinophil = c) basophil = 2. Agranulocytes ( ) a) lymphocytes = b) monocytes = (most to least = Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)
E. Granulocytes 1. Neutrophils a. pink (neutral) granules b. granules contain lysosomes c. irregular nucleus d. can phagocytize 2. Eosinophils (1-4%) a. eosinophilic granules stain red ( ) b. granules contain lysosomes c. 2 lobed nucleus d. involved with 3. Basophil (0-1%) a. stains blue with basic dyes ( ) b. basophilic granules contain - c. histimine causes leaky blood vessels which produce swollen tissue ( ) d. nucleus can be covered up by blue granules F. Agranulocytes ( ) 1. Monocyte (4-8%) a. b. some lysosomes in a few granules c. bean shaped ( ) nucleus d. leave circulatory to e. when monocytes leave circulatory system they are called 2. Lymphocytes (20-45%) a. (size of RBC) b. round dense nucleus that fills up most of the cell ( ) c. 2 varieties T & B (can t tell under our microscopes) i. T-lymphocytes - -before surgery, must decrease T-lymphocytes ii. B-lymphocytes -mature to be plasma cells which produce antibodies -
IV. platelets or thrombocytes A. cell fragments ( ) B., but complete cell membrane with organelles C. lifespan is D. per cubic ml of blood E. function is to stop bleeding ( ) F. lots of actin/myosin G. production of WBC 1. hormone called stimulates platelet formation in red marrow 2. stem cells = hemocytoblast ( ) megakaryoblast ( ) platelet ( ) H. megakaryocytes 1. made from same stem cells 2. large nucleus 3. large cells in red bone marrow that make platelets 4. platelets are fragments of the megakaryocytes 5. example:dandilion
V. Plasma A. 90% water B. 10% solutes 1. proteins a. blood buffer - major player in maintaining osmotic pressure b. - carrier molecule - antibodies c. fibrinogen and prothrombin d. hormones e. enzymes 2. lactic acid, urea 3. glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins 4. sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride 5. oxygen, carbon dioxide