Medical Terminology get connected! CHAPTER 12 Urology and Nephrology
Media Directory Slide 17 Slide 19 Slide 63 Slide 69 Slide 72 Slide 75 Slide 76 Slide 81 Slide 91 Slide 93 Urinary System Anatomy Male Reproductive System Anatomy Vasectomy Video Renal Calculi Video Erectile Dysfunction Video Genital Herpes Video Gonorrhea Video Peritoneal Dialysis Video Urinalysis Video Catheterization Video
Learning Objectives UNDERSTAND the functions of the urinary and male reproductive systems. DESCRIBE the medical specialties of urology and nephrology. DEFINE urology and nephrology-related combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes. IDENTIFY the organs treated in urology and nephrology.
Learning Objectives BUILD urology and nephrology medical terms from word parts. EXPLAIN urology and nephrology medical terms. USE urology and nephrology abbreviations.
Urology and Nephrology Important for maintaining homeostasis A stable internal environment Removing waste products Adjusting water and electrolyte levels Maintaining normal ph
Urology and Nephrology Kidneys produce urine Urine flows through Kidneys Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra
Male Reproductive System In males, urinary system and reproductive system share urethra Male reproductive organs Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Urethra Penis
Urology and Nephrology Urologists treat conditions of: Female and male urinary tract Male reproductive system Nephrologists treat conditions of kidney such as: Renal failure Kidney transplants Dialysis
Urology and Nephrology Combining Forms balan/o glans penis cyst/o bladder epididym/o epididymis glomerul/o glomerulus lith/o stone nephr/o kidney orchid/o testes orchi/o testes orch/o testes prostat/o prostate gland pyel/o renal pelvis ren/o kidney
Urology and Nephrology Combining Forms semin/i semen spermat/o sperm sperm/o sperm testicul/o testicle ur/o urine ureter/o ureter urethr/o urethra urin/o urine vas/o vas deferens vesicul/o seminal vesicle
Additional Combining Forms albumin/o albumin azot/o nitrogen waste bacteri/o bacteria corpor/o body crypt/o hidden genit/o genitals glycos/o sugar, glucose hemat/o blood hem/o blood hydr/o water noct/i night olig/o scanty py/o pus rect/o rectum ven/o vein
Suffix Review al pertaining to algia pain ar pertaining to ary pertaining to cele hernia, protrusion cyte cell eal pertaining to ectomy surgical removal emia blood condition genesis produces, generates gram record, picture graphy process of recording ia state iasis abnormal condition
Suffix Review ic pertaining to ism state of, condition itis inflammation lith stone logist one who studies logy study lysis destruction megaly enlargement -meter instrument for measuring oma tumor, mass osis abnormal condition ostomy surgically create an opening otomy cutting into ous pertaining to
Suffix Review pathy disease pexy surgical fixation plasty surgical repair ptosis drooping rrhaphy suture rrhea discharge, flow sclerosis hardened condition scope instrument for viewing scopy process of visually examining stenosis narrowing tripsy crushing trophy development uria urine condition
Prefix Review a without an without dys abnormal extra outside of hyper excessive intra within poly many trans across
Urinary System Figure 12.1 The urinary system.
Urinary System Anatomy Click on the image in presentation mode to view the organs from different angles. The animation may take a moment to begin. Click a second time to pause the animation. Back to Directory
Male Reproductive System Figure 12.2 The male reproductive system.
Male Reproductive System Anatomy Click on the image in presentation mode to view the organs from different angles. The animation may take a moment to begin. Click a second time to pause the animation. Back to Directory
Building Urology and Nephrology Terms For each urology and nephrology term introduced on the next few slides, write the completed term in your textbook (pg 241).
Balan/o Combining form meaning glans penis Enlarged tip of the penis Covered by the prepuce or foreskin Build a medical term meaning: discharge from the glans penis balanorrhea balan/o+ -rrhea
Cyst/o Combining form meaning urinary bladder Muscular organ Stores urine produced by the kidneys Urine drains into bladder from ureters and exits bladder into urethra
Urinary Bladder Figure 12.3 Urinary Bladder.
Cyst/o Build a medical term meaning: bladder pain cystalgia protrusion of the bladder cystocele stone in the bladder cystolith cyst/o + -lith
Epididym/o Combining form meaning epididymis Sits on top of each testis Stores sperm as they are made by the testes Build a medical term meaning: pertaining to the epididymis epididymal
Lith/o Combining form meaning stone Stones form in many parts of body Usually formed from organic or inorganic salts
Lith/o Build a medical term meaning: surgical crushing of a stone lithotripsy abnormal condition of stone in bladder cystolithiasis cyst/o + lith + -iasis
Nephr/o Combining form meaning kidney One kidney is located on either side of spine at level of lower ribs Consists of thousands of nephrons Glomerulus portion of each nephron filters waste products and excess water and electrolytes out of blood in order to produce urine
Kidney Figure 12.4 Kidney.
Nephr/o Urine drains out of kidney into ureter and on to urinary bladder for storage Build a medical term meaning: enlarged kidney nephromegaly drooping kidney nephroptosis nephr/o + -ptosis
Orchid/o Combining form meaning testes Male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone Two testes are suspended outside body in the scrotum As sperm are produced they travel to epididymis for storage Singular form is testis
Testes Figure 12.5 Testis.
Orchid/o Another term for testes is testicles (singular, testicle) Build a medical term meaning: surgical removal of testes orchidectomy orchid + -ectomy
Orchi/o Another combining form meaning testes Build a medical term meaning: surgical fixation of the testes orchiopexy testes pain orchialgia
Orch/o Another combining form meaning testes Build a medical term meaning: state of being without testes anorchism condition of hidden testes cryptorchism crypt- + orch + -ism
-ostomy Suffix meaning to create a surgical opening Describes creation of new opening between two organs or between organ and external surface of body New opening on surface of body is called stoma
-ostomy Build a medical term meaning: surgically create an opening in the ureter ureterostomy surgically create an opening in the renal pelvis pyelostomy pyel + -ostomy
Prostat/o Combining form meaning prostate gland One of male reproductive glands Located surrounding urethra at base of the bladder Secretes milky fluid Makes up much of liquid portion of semen Serves to nourish sperm
Prostat/o Build a medical term meaning: surgical removal of the prostate gland prostatectomy prostat + -ectomy
Prostate Gland Figure 12.6 Prostate gland.
Pyel/o Combining form meaning renal pelvis Area inside each kidney where urine collects as it is being made Each renal pelvis then drains into one of the ureters
Pyel/o Build a medical term meaning: renal pelvis and kidney inflammation pyelonephritis pyel/o + nephr + -itis
Ren/o Another combining form meaning kidney Build a medical term meaning: record of the kidney renogram
Semin/i Combining form meaning semen Fluid ejaculated from penis during intercourse Contains sperm and fluids secreted by reproductive glands: Prostate gland Seminal vesicles Bulbourethral gland
Semin/i Build a medical term meaning: condition of semen in the urine seminuria semin + -uria
Spermat/o Combining form meaning sperm Male reproductive cells Produced in testes and ejaculated from body in semen Contain one-half of normal complement of chromosomes
Spermat/o When sperm fertilizes ovum (which also has one-half set of chromosomes from mother), new baby is created with full set of chromosomes Build a medical term meaning: generates sperm spermatogenesis destruction of sperm spermatolysis
Sperm/o Another combining form meaning sperm Build a medical term meaning: state of being without sperm aspermia state of having scanty sperm oligospermia olig/o + sperm + -ia
Testicul/o Combining form meaning testicle Build a medical term meaning: pertaining to a testicle testicular testicul + -ar
Ureter/o Combining form meaning ureter Tube leading away from renal pelvis of each kidney Carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder
Ureters Figure 12.7 Ureters.
Ureter/o Build a medical term meaning: ureter inflammation ureteritis narrowing of the ureter ureterostenosis
Urethr/o Combining form meaning urethra Single urethra leads out of bladder Carries urine to outside of body External opening is meatus
Male Urethra Figure 12.8 Male Urethra.
Urethr/o Build a medical term meaning: surgical repair of the urethra urethroplasty urethra pain urethralgia urethr + -algia
-uria Suffix meaning condition of the urine Used with prefix or combining form to indicate something found in urine or associated with urination
-uria Build a medical term meaning: sugar urine condition glycosuria night urine condition nocturia noct + -uria
Urin/o Combining form meaning urine Fluid produced by nephrons of each kidney as they filter wastes, water, and dissolved substances from blood Build a medical term meaning: instrument to measure urine urinometer
Ur/o Another combining form meaning urine Build a medical term meaning: condition of urine in the blood uremia
Vas/o Combining form meaning vas deferens Long tube Carries sperm from epididymis to urethra Reproductive glands connected to vas deferens add fluids as sperm pass by, making semen
Vas/o Build a medical term meaning: surgical removal of the vas deferens vasectomy vas + -ectomy
Vasectomy Figure 12.9 Steps in performing a vasectomy: (A) vas deferens are located; (B) small skin incision is made; (C) vas deferens are cut and ends are cauterized; (D) vas deferens are returned to scrotum and skin is sutured
Vasectomy Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on the topic of vasectomy. The animation may take a moment to begin. Click a second time to pause the animation. Back to Directory
Vesicul/o Combining form meaning seminal vesicles Male reproductive glands Located behind bladder Add fluid to sperm as they pass in vas deferens
Vesicul/o Build a term meaning: surgical removal of the seminal vesicle vesiculectomy vesicul + -ectomy
Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) blood urea nitrogen (BUN) calculus Explanation Non-cancerous enlargement of prostate gland; puts pressure on urethra and narrows it; results in frequency, urgency, and nocturia; commonly seen in males over age 50 Blood test for kidney function; measures level of nitrogenous waste, urea, in blood Term for stone; most are from mineral salts; commonly found in kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra; plural is calculi
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Figure 12.10 Benign prostatic hypertrophy. The enlarged prostate gland pinches the urethra making urination difficult.
Calculus Figure 12.11 Common location for calculi in the urinary system: kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder.
Renal Calculi Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on kidney stones. Click a second time to pause the video. Back to Directory
Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term chlamydia circumcision clean catch specimen (CC) Explanation Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; causes inflammation of urethra of males or cervix of females with purulent discharge Surgical removal of prepuce; commonly performed on newborns at request of parents; primary reason is for hygiene; also a ritual practiced in some religions Procedure for obtaining urine sample after cleaning off urethral meatus and catching urine in midstream (halfway through urination process) to minimize contamination from skin
Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term digital rectal exam (DRE) erectile dysfunction (ED) extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) Explanation Examination for enlarged prostate gland performed by palpating (feeling) prostate gland with fingers (digital) through rectum Inability to achieve erection of penis for coitus; also called impotence Treatment for urinary system stones; uses ultrasound waves to break up stones; noninvasive, meaning not requiring surgery
Erectile Dysfunction Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on erectile dysfunction. Click a second time to pause the video. Back to Directory
Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy Figure 12.12 Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, a non-invasive procedure using high frequency sound waves to shatter kidney stones.
Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term frequency genital herpes gonorrhea Explanation Feeling urge to urinate more often than normal, but without increase in total daily volume of urine; may indicate inflammation of bladder or urethra or benign prostatic hypertrophy Highly infectious, viral, sexually transmitted disease; causes blister-like lesions on penis of males or cervix and vagina of females Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; infects mucous membranes; may spread throughout entire genitourinary system
Genital Herpes Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on genital herpes. Click a second time to pause the video. Back to Directory
Gonorrhea Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on gonorrhea. Click a second time to pause the video. Back to Directory
Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term hemodialysis (HD) hesitancy hydrocele intravenous pyelogram (IVP) Explanation Treatment for renal failure using artificial kidney machine to filter waste from blood Difficulty initiating flow of urine; often symptom of blockage along urethra, such as caused by benign prostatic hypertrophy Accumulation of fluid within scrotum X-ray of kidney following injection of dye into vein to visualize renal pelvis and ureters as kidney filters dye out of bloodstream and puts it into urine
Hemodialysis Figure 12.13 Patient undergoing hemodialysis. Her blood passes through the hemodialysis machine for cleansing and is then returned to her body.
Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term peritoneal dialysis phimosis polycystic kidney disease (PKD) Explanation Artificial means to remove wastes by placing warm, chemically balanced solutions into peritoneal cavity; treatment for renal failure Narrowing of prepuce over glans penis; may cause difficulty with urination and infection; treatment is circumcision Inherited kidney disease with multiple cysts throughout kidney tissue; eventually destroys kidneys and results in kidney failure
Peritoneal Dialysis Figure 12.14 In peritoneal dialysis a chemically balanced solution is placed into the abdominal cavity to draw impurities out of the bloodstream. It is then removed after several hours.
Peritoneal Dialysis Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video demonstrating peritoneal dialysis. Click a second time to pause the video. Back to Directory
Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term prostate-specific antigen (PSA) prostatic cancer renal failure Explanation Blood test to screen for prostate cancer Common and usually slow-growing cancer of prostate; occurs in males over 50; PSA is used to assist in early detection Inability of kidneys to filter wastes from blood and/or produce urine; treatment of severe renal failure is dialysis or renal transplant
Renal Failure Video Click on the image to view a video on renal failure. Back to Directory
Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term renal transplant retrograde pyelogram (RP) semen analysis Explanation Replacement of diseased kidney by donor kidney X-ray of urinary bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis following insertion of dye through urethra Evaluation of semen for fertility; sperm in semen analyzed for number, swimming strength, and shape; procedure would also be used to determine if vasectomy has been successful
Renal Transplant Figure 12.15 Figure illustrates the location of transplanted donor kidney.
Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term sterility syphilis testicular cancer Explanation Inability to produce children; in males, usually due to problem with sperm production, such as aspermia or oligospermia; also called infertility Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; begins as localized ulcer at point of infection; chronic disease which after years spreads through lymph nodes to nervous system, causing death Cancer of one or both testicles; commonly seen in young men or boys
Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term transurethral resection (TUR) trichomoniasis undescended testicle Explanation Surgical removal of prostate gland tissue by inserting device called resectoscope through urethra and removing prostate tissue Protozoan sexually transmitted disease; causes inflammation of genitourinary tract in both men and women Congenital anomaly; failure of one or both of testes to descend into scrotum before birth; orchiopexy may be required to bring testes down into scrotum permanently; also called cryptorchism
Undescended Testicle Figure 12.16 Undescended testicle or cryptorchism. In (A) both testes have failed to descend. In (B) one testis correctly descended while the other is partially descended.
Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary urgency Term urinalysis (U/A, UA) urinary catheterization (cath) urinary incontinence urinary tract infection (UTI) Explanation Feeling need to urinate immediately Laboratory test; physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine Insertion of flexible tube, catheter, into urinary bladder through urethra; used to withdraw urine or insert dye Involuntary urination; also called enuresis Infection, usually bacterial, in any part of urinary tract
Urinalysis Figure 12.17 A dipstick is used to conduct a chemical analysis of urine, for example, testing for the presence of sugar.
Urinalysis Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on performing a urinalysis. Click a second time to pause the video. Back to Directory
Urinary Catheterization Figure 12.18 Urinary catheterization in both (A) female and (B) male patients.
Catheterization Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view an animation illustrating catheterization of males and females. Click a second time to pause the animation. Back to Directory
Urinary Tract Infection Figure 12.19 Urinary tract infection, characterized by fever, low back or abdominal pain, and burning pain during urination. A urinalysis reveals the presence of bacteria and white blood cells.
Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term urine culture & sensitivity (C&S) varicocele voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) Explanation Diagnostic lab procedure; determines identity of bacteria causing the infection and best antibiotic to treat bacterial infection of urinary system; involves growing bacteria in culture medium and testing different antibiotics on it Development of varicose veins of veins leading to testes in scrotum X-rays are made while patient voids dye that has been placed in urinary bladder through urethra
Urology and Nephrology Abbreviations ARF acute renal failure C & S culture and sensitivity test BPH BUN benign prostatic hypertrophy blood urea nitrogen cysto DRE cystoscopy digital rectal exam cath catheterization ESRD end-stage renal disease CC CRF clean-catch urine specimen chronic renal failure ESWL extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy GU genitourinary
Urology and Nephrology Abbreviations HD hemodialysis PSA prostate-specific antigen HPV human papilloma virus RP retrograde pyelogram I & O intake and output STD sexually transmitted disease IVP KUB PKD intravenous pyelogram kidney, ureter, bladder polycystic kidney disease TUR TURP transurethral resection transurethral resection and prostatectomy
Urology and Nephrology Abbreviations U/A, UA urinalysis UTI urinary tract infection UC urine culture VCUG voiding cystourethrography
Combining Forms Match Up 1. cyst/o 2. lith/o 3. nephr/o 4. orch/o 5. pyel/o a. stone b. bladder c. testes d. renal pelvis e. kidney