USE OF EXOSOMES IN TRANSLATIONAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH Eva Colás Ortega Postdoc researcher IRBLleida ecolas@irblleida.cat
THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPE OF VESICLES RELEASED BY CELLS MICROVESICLES Size: 100-1000nm Shape: irregular Markers: Integrins, selectins, CD40 ligand Lipids: Phosphatidylserine Origin: Plasma membrane EXOSOMES Size: 50-100 nm Shape: cup-shaped Markers: Tetraspanins (CD63, CD9), Alix, TSG101, ESCRT Lipids: Cholesterol, sphingomyelin, ceramide, lipid rafts, phosphatidylserine Origin: Multivesicular endosomes
THE CONTENT OF EXOSOMES IS ENRICHED IN INFORMATIVE MATERIAL THAT REPRESENT THE CELL OF ORIGIN metabolites
THE CONTENT OF EXOSOMES IS ENRICHED IN INFORMATIVE MATERIAL THAT REPRESENT THE CELL OF ORIGIN Proteins and RNAs are specifically coded to be included in exosomes Exosomes perform cell-independent microrna biogenesis inside the vesicle metabolites Melo et al. Cancer Cell. 2014 Nov
EXOSOMES ARE A NEW WAY OF CELL-CELL COMUNICATION From Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes metabolites
EXOSOMES PLAYS A ROLE IN PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Intercellular communication Antigen presentation Immune suppression Transfer of signaling components Inflammation Formation/transfer of pathogenic proteins Cell adhesion Waste management and protection against stress Coagulation Vascular function and integrity Tissue repair Tissue differentiation
EXOSOMES PLAYS A ROLE IN PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Autoimmunity Neurodegeneration Virus spreading Prion diseases Inflammation Cancer
EXOSOMES ARE PRODUCED BY MOST CELL TYPES AND SECRETED TO MOST BODY FLUIDS
EXOSOMES ARE DEFINITELY A GOOD SOURCE OF BIOMARKERS IN LIQUID BIOPSIES CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS CELL FREE DNA EXOSOMES
EXOSOMES ARE DEFINITELY A GOOD SOURCE OF BIOMARKERS IN LIQUID BIOPSIES Exosomes are extremely ABUNDANT (10 11 per ml of plasma) Are released by LIVING cells, so it gives a real picture of the tumor BUT ALSO of the body that contains the tumor: Exosomes are expected to represent TUMOR HETEROGENEITY Exosomes represent the INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE, STROMAL CHANGES, AND OTHER SYSTEMIC CHANGES Carry a HUGE AND DIVERSE AMOUNT OF BIOACTIVE MATERIAL (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc) so we are not limited to mutational or transcriptional analysis HIGH QUALITY material: protected thanks to the EV membrane STORAGE is easy and economical: no need to add any component to the liquid biopsy. Preservation is done at -80ºC. As well as CTCs, exosomes present surface markers from the cell or origin WHICH ARE THE HANDICAPS?
ISOLATION TECHNIQUES OF EXOSOMES Ultracentrifugation Immunoaffinity against exosomal surface markers Precipitation with PEG
Ultracentrifugation High purity Low high-throughput Slow
ISOLATION TECHNIQUES OF EXOSOMES Ultracentrifugation High purity Low high-throughput Slow Immunoaffinity against exosomal surface markers High purity High-throughput Selection of subpopulations Precipitation with PEG
ISOLATION TECHNIQUES OF EXOSOMES Ultracentrifugation High purity Low high-throughput Slow Immunoaffinity against exosomal surface markers High purity High-throughput Selection of subpopulations Precipitation with PEG High-throughput Quick and easy Low purity
MONITORING EXOSOMES ISOLATION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IMMUNOBLOT NANOPARTICLE TRACKING ANALYSIS
DIAGNOSTIC COMPANIES ARE FOCUSED ON EXOSOME-BASED PRODUCTS
Blood-Based Single Mutation Lung Cancer Diagnostics Two blood-based lung cancer diagnostics for launch in 2015 The initial targets are ALK and T790M Detection is possible at multiple time points during treatment without the need for a tissue sample Better understanding of lung cancer progression and treatment response at later disease stages Clinicians will be able to make more informed decisions about drug selection or clinical trial participation Urine-Based Prostate Cancer Diagnostic Urine-based prostate cancer diagnostic as a rule-out test for men who would otherwise be recommended for prostate needle biopsy Analyze 3 markers on RNA to identify men who do not need a biopsy Reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies without missing men who do need to be treated Blood-Based Solid Tumor Mutation Panel Diagnostic Solid tumor panel diagnostics for launch in 2015 Target 10 of the most relevant genes and over 400 mutations on both RNA and DNA present in lung, colon and breast cancers.
CANCER RESEARCH USE EXOSOMES FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS RATHER THAN FOR MARKER DISCOVERY ANTICANCER VACCINES Exosomes transfer tumor antigens to Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) and activate the immune response So, exosomes could be used in immunotherapy
CANCER RESEARCH USE EXOSOMES FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS RATHER THAN FOR MARKER DISCOVERY ANTICANCER VACCINES EXOSOMES TARGETING In BREAST CANCER HER2+ PATIENT, exosomes derived from the tumor are able to sequester anti-her2 Ab (current therapy). HER2osome is a novel medical device, that reduces the circulatory presence of HER2 tumor-secreted exosomes in order to increase the bioavailability of current therapies Trastuzumab.
CANCER RESEARCH USE EXOSOMES FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS RATHER THAN FOR MARKER DISCOVERY ANTICANCER VACCINES EXOSOMES TARGETING DRUG DELIVERY VIA EXOSOMES
EXOSOMES COULD BE USEFUL FOR MANY APPLICATIONS
EXOSOMES ARE PROMISING FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH