Soluble and particulate matter quantifications Ep Eding Aquaculture and Fisheries Group (AFI), Wageningen University, The Netherlands
Content INTRODUCTION - Why waste production quantification? BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FISH WASTE PRODUCTION - The axis feed fish-waste - Factors affect. the quantity of faecal loss & non faecal loss - Methodology for waste production determination WASTE PRODUCTION CALCULATIONS - Soluble waste Non faecal loss - Particulate waste Faecal loss
Why waste production quantification? 1. Production plan (maximum carrying capacity) 2. Waste production calculations (in g/kg feed) 3. Diurnal variation in waste production 4. Water quality limits (C limit ) 5. Suspended Solids control systems 6. Biofiltration (principles and design) 7. Gas control 8. Denitrification 9. RAS design concept (Q rec., Q e etc.) 10. Heat (energy) balance model
Why waste production quantification? Recirculation system Feed intake = Growth + Waste Fish Waste production = waste removal Treatment Peak feed load Maximum carrying capacity
The axis feed-fish-waste Recirculation system Feeds Composition? Species Temperature? Growth interval? Fish Waste -Quantity? -Quality? -Diurnal variation? Treatment Peak feed load Maximum carrying capacity
The axis feed-fish-waste Consumption Digestion Utilization + Feed Uneaten feed + feed spillage Faecal loss Non-faecal loss (Branchial & urinary loss, mucous) Respiration (Heat) Gain (Growth)
Factors affecting uneaten feed + feed spillage Feed consumption (% Wt.d -1 ) Uneaten feed Uneaten + feed + Feed spillage Feed spillage Factors : - Species - Feed + feeding - Water quality - Etcetera R max Feeding ration (% wt.d -1 )
Factors affecting the quantity of faecal losses Faecal Loss is : - Quantifiable - Related to digestibility Faecal Loss = Feed intake (1- Digestibility (fraction))
Factors affecting the quantity of faecal losses Digestibility affected by: Secundary: - Susceptibility for digestive enzymes - Activity digestive enzymes - Retention time feed in the intestine - Species, age, physiological conditions, water temperature, diet related factors, feeding level, feeding frequency.
Factors affecting the quantity of faecal losses Nutrient type (Oreochromis niloticus) DRY MATTER CRUDE PROTEIN 100 100 DIGESTIBILITY (%) 90 80 70 60 DIGESTIBILITY (%) 90 80 70 60 50 Duckweed Single cell protein Fishmeal Soybean meal Soybean extract 50 Duckweed Single cell protein Fishmeal Soybean meal Soybean extract NUTRIENT NUTRIENT (Schneider et al., 2002)
Factors affecting the quantity of faecal losses Water temperature AD (%) of sunflower oil meal 50 45 (Hydrolysable carbohydrate) Species: Common carp DIGESTIBILITY (%) 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 16-17 22 26-27 WATER TEMPERATURE ( C) (Shcherbina and Kazlauskene, 1971).
Factors affecting the physical properties of faeces Factors: - Fish Species - Dietary composition - Commercially used binders Important feaces characteristics: - Settleability of faeces - Resistance to with and mechanical strain
Factors affecting the physical properties of faeces Type of fibre 80 70 60 Fibre A Fibre B 50 40 30 Recovery DM ADC DM 20 10 0 Fiber A Fiber B (Amirkolaie et al. 2004)
Non faecal losses Effect of feeding regime N-excretion (mg) Feeding Fed Starvation Amount effected by: 1) Quality dietary protein 2) Protein to energy ratio Ammonia Urea Ammonia Urea 0 8 16 24 8 16 24 Time (hours) (Based on Brett and Zala, 1975 ).
Respiration g O2 / kg Feed 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Gaseous exchange European eel African catfish 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Feeding level (g / BW 0.8 /d)
Respiration Gaseous exchange Oxygen consumption per kg feed affected by: - Dietary composition (low digestibility) - Environmental and animal related factors Carbondioxide production: - Can be estimated from the O 2 consumption through respiration quotient (RQ) - RQ = g CO 2 production/g O 2 consumption = 1.375 g CO 2 / g O 2 (Timmons et al., 2002)
Methodology to quantify solid and soluble waste (Exp.) 12 RESPIROMETERS for NUTRIENT & ENERGY BALANCE studies in fresh, marine, warm and cold water fish species Air flow meters Water flow meters Feces collection Back side Fish tank Front side
Methodology to quantify solid and soluble waste (Exp.) 12 RESPIROMETERS for NUTRIENT & ENERGY BALANCE studies in fresh, marine, warm and cold water fish species On line measurement in water of: TAN, NO 2 -N, NO 3 -N, PO 4 -P, CO 2 On line measurement in the air of: O 2 and CO 2
Methodology to quantify solid and soluble waste (Exp.) Energy budget Growth : 15 g 900 g Period : 5 months FCR : 0.88 Growth performance (MJ / kg feed) BUE = 1.0 MJ/kg H fish = 3.8 MJ/kg GE = 19.4 MJ DE ME RE=8.3 MJ/kg FE = 6.3 MJ/kg UE
Waste production calculations Starting points MASS BALANCE Feed intake = Growth + Waste - Fish species African catfish - Temperature 25 C - Growth interval * Max carrying capacity (day 150-151) - Feed composition Culture scheme - Feeding level Culture scheme - Feed conversion Culture scheme - Feed digestibility See Figure - Fish composition See Figure
Waste production calculations Starting points ASSUMED FEED COMPOSITION Nutrient % Kj/g gcod/g Crude protein (16% = N) 49 23.6 1.25 Crude fat 11 39.5 2.9 Carbohydrates 21 17.2 1.07 Ash 11 Dry matter 92 Gross energy (MJ/kg FEED) 19.7
Waste production calculations Starting points FEEDING LEVEL (RATION) & FEED COVERSION RATION (FCR) (Eding and Van Weerd, 1999)
Waste production calculations Starting points Digestibility Nitrogen and Dry matter (African catfish) Digestibility (%) 100 80 60 40 20 Nitrogen Dry matter Nitrogen Drymatter 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Feeding level (g kg -0.8.day -1 ) (After Heinsbroek et al,1989)
Waste production calculations Starting points NUTRIENT MASS BALANCES (g/kg feed) Consumption Digestion + Feed Uneaten feed + feed spillage Faecal loss Utilization Gain (Growth) Non-faecal loss Respiration Branchial & urinary loss, mucous (Bovendeur et al., 1987; Heinsbroek, 1988; Heinsbroek and Kamstra 1990; Nijhof, 1994; Einen et al., 1995)
Waste production calculations Starting points CHANGES IN BODYCOMPOSITION IN GROWING FISH 200 Protein (g/kg) 150 100 50 0 y = 119,37x 0,0475 R 2 = 0,8081 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Bodyweight (g)
Waste production calculations Starting points RELATION BETWEEN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND FEEDING LEVEL g O 2 / kg F eed 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 European eel African catfish 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 African catfish O 2 =1531R -0.656 (r 2 =0.98) O 2 in g kg Feed -1 R in g Feed G -0.8 d -1 Feeding level (g / BW 0.8 /d)
Waste production calculations Starting points STOCKING DENSITY AND CULTURE VOLUME Biomass progress Feed load progress
Waste production calculations GROWTH and BIOMASS PROGRESS Maximum biomass (day 150)
Waste production calculations MAXIMUM CARYING CAPACITY Maximum carrying capacity STARTING POINTS Crop Age Avg. Number Biomass Growth interval Amount weight of fish Day 150 Day 151 of feed G i G f (Days) (g) (%) (Kg) (g) (g) (kg.d -1 ) I 150 898 9277 8333 898 909 95.5 II 120 636 9664 6149 636 645 80.9 III 90 396 10172 4037 397 403 64.2 IV 60 212 10822 2298 212 217 46.9 V 30 84 11512 968 84 87 28.6 VI 0 15 12247 184 15 16 10.8 Total 327 Peak feed load
Waste production calculations FEED- AND FISH COMPOSITION Crop Age Feed Feed Fish Fish Composition Digestibility Composition Composition DM N DM N Day 150 Day 151 (Day) (g.kḡ 1 ) (g.kḡ 1 ) (%) (%) (DM, %) (N, %) (DM, %) (N, %) I 150 920 78 71 92 29 2.6 29 2.6 II 120 920 78 70 91 28 2.6 28 2.6 III 90 920 78 69 91 27 2.5 27 2.5 IV 60 920 78 67 90 25 2.4 25 2.4 V 30 920 78 64 88 25 2.7 25 2.7 VI 0 920 78 56 85 22 2.4 22 2.4
Waste production calculations FEED DRY MATTER DIUSTRIBUTION Growth interval day 150-151 Crop Age DM distribution pro kg feed fed FL NFV F gain DM pro DM DM DM Kg feed (Days) (g.kg -1 ) (g.kg -1 ) (g.kg -1 ) (g.kg -1 ) I 150.00 269 324 327 920.00 II 120.00 276 316 329 920.00 III 90.00 288 300 332 920.00 IV 60.00 305 280 335 920.00 V 30.00 334 217 369 920.00 VI 0.00 405 126 389 920.00
Waste production calculations NITROGEN BUDGET Growth interval day 150-151 Crop Age N distribution pro kg feed fed FL NFV F gain Total N feed N N N N (Days) (g.kg -1 ) (g.kg -1 ) (g.kg -1 ) (g.kg -1 ) I 150.00 7 43 28 78 II 120.00 7 42 29 78 III 90.00 7 41 30 78 IV 60.00 8 39 31 78 V 30.00 9 31 38 78 VI 0.00 12 24 42 78
Waste production calculations OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION Crop Age Feeding Oxygen CO 2 Growth interval day 150-151 Level ConsumptionProduction (Age) (g.g - 0.8 ) (g.kgfeed -1 ) (g.kgfeed -1 ) I 150.00 11 311 397 II 120.00 12 298 379 III 90.00 13 280 356 IV 60.00 15 258 328 V 30.00 18 228 291 VI 0.00 25 182 232
Waste production calculations AVERAGE WASTE LOAD PER Kg feed Dry matter Nitrogen (g/kg Feed) (%) (g/kg Feed) (%) Feed 920 78.4 Faecal loss 290 31.5 7.4 9.4 Settable 122 42 4.1 56 Non settable 168 58 3.2 44 Non faecal loss 295 32.0 40.3 51.3 Growth (gain) 335 36.5 30.8 39.3 O 2 consumption 282.9 CO 2 production 359.8 (Eding and van Weerd, 1999)
Waste production calculations Branchial - N N-consumption Digested-N Retained-N Faecal-N Urinary-N After Eding and van Weerd, 1999 N-cons. 78 Catfish Spill Dig.-N 71 7 40 Faecal-N Branchial + Urinary - N 31 Retained-N
Waste production calculations NITROGEN FLOWS (g/kg feed) Recirculation system N-Feed 78.4 g/kg Fish N-Growth =31g/kg Peak feed load Non settable FL N = 3 g/kg Settable FL N = 4 g/kg Treatment NFL N= 40 g/kg Maximum carrying capacity
Waste production calculations Fish waste simulator ((Machiels 1986, Aquaculture 56)
Summary 1. Feed intake = growth (gain) + waste 2. Tool: Mass balance calculations (g/kg feed) 3. Important for water quality control: 1. Absolute amount of waste 2. Chemical composition of the waste 3. Physical composition of the waste 4. Evaluate the origin of the data you are going to use e.g. : * Digestibility coefficients * NH 4 -N production values * Solid waste production data * O 2 consumption and CO 2 production values