EIIW Competitiveness Report on the EU Market Jens K. Perret Wuppertal, January 215 Preliminary European Institute for International Economic Relations at the University of Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 2, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany, Tel.: +49 22 439 3174, e-mail: perret@wiwi.uni-wuppertal.de 1
1 Introduction 2
With the ongoing globalization and the increasing role of multinational companies it becomes relevant for researchers as well as practitioners to concern themselves with supranational competitiveness structures. This report aims at providing aid for both sides by preparing an overview of the competitiveness structure across the countries of the EU and in each of its member states. For researchers of the economic sciences this report can be viewed as palette of tools, as a methodology to analyze the competitiveness structure in a supranational context. On the other hand for practitioners of economics in multinational companies this report and the included figures can be used as an overview about the situation in specific countries considering as well the development of a disaggregation of the manufacturing sector over the course of the last fourteen years. To achieve these aims the report is structured in three main sections. The second section aims at the scientific community by introducing the implemented methodology and giving a short introduction on the background of the used data and its treatment. Practitioners however are also asked to skip through this section as the descriptions therein can provide a better understanding of the figures in the later sections. The third section provides a country-specific point-of-view. For each of the 28 member states of the European Union (EU) a brief country profile consisting of the relative advantages of each sub-sector of the manufacturing industry the development of the export unit values and a combined snapshot of the combination of the relative advantages and the export shares. This section can be viewed as an in-depth analysis of all EU member states. For the practitioner this section offers the possibility to get an impression of the dynamics at work inside each of the 28 countries and the possible gains on entering each of the markets. The fourth and final section provides a sector-specific point-of-view. For each of the five OECD categories as well as for each of the 96 NACE 3-digit sectors three price segments are identified and for each segment it is reported which countries are the most prevalent traders in each sector. This point-ofview allows for practitioners to identify not only possible price competitors but as well possible niches which have not at least on the EU 28 + 4 (EU 28 plus China, Russia, Turkey and the USA) levels been claimed. It needs to be noted that this report is only limited to the export market. Domestic markets and respective competitiveness structures are not the topic of this report. The methodology provided in the second section however can be used to generate comparable results. Furthermore, the fourth part is only limited to price competitiveness. While price competitiveness and partial be extended account competitive- 3
ness in general especially in high-tech sectors aspects like quality and the inclusion of more recent technologies and standards might be more important than the single reliance on price. Again, while this report does not encompass these additional aspect the underlying methodology and also be applied to respective data and the report might be extended by including as well qualitative dimensions like patents. 4
2 Data Treatment 5
2.1 Data Sources The EIIW Competitiveness Report builds on bilateral trade data in manufacturing sectors taken from the COMEXT database published by Eurostat. The data classified via the Combined Nomenclature at the 8-digit level (CN 8), a disaggregation of economic output in 19,148 subsectors is used as a basis for the further data processing. A correspondence table that has been developed during the project Changes in Industrial Competitiveness as a Factor of Integration: Identifying Challenges of the Enlarged Single European Market, conducted in the course of the sixth EU Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development by researchers from the CASE (Center for Social and Economic Research) in Warsaw is implemented to calculate corresponding data based on the NACE 1.1 classification. This procedure is necessary to generate time series spanning the period from 1999 to 213 as which the introduction of the NACE 2. classification data stopped being reported on the basis on the NACE 1.1 classification and NACE 2. data from the time before the introduction of the NACE 2. classification has not been calculated anew. Thus a comprehensive dataset requires a consistent methodology. While trade flows should be inherently independent of which country is considered source and which recipient of trade actual reported data might reported marginal discrepancy. To minimize disturbance via these discrepancies the reporting countries is fixed as the European Union (consisting of 27 member states) while the partner countries vary. 6
2.2 Methodology 2.2.1 Balassa s Revealed Comparative Advantage Indicator The traditional Revealed Comparative Advantage - Indicator (RCA) as given by equation (1) has been introduced by Balassa (1965) for the analysis of international trade links. By setting the export share of a sector of the observed country against the import share in the same sector of this country the comparative advantages of the observed sector can be calculated. RCA j = x j n j=1 x j m j n j=1 m j = x j m j n j=1 x j n j=1 m j (1) The variable x j gives the export in sector j, whereas m j gives the imports in sector j. An indicator value in the interval [, 1) indicates a comparative disadvantage and a value in the interval (1, ) a comparative advantage. As shown by Hoen and Oosterhaven (26) indicator (1) has some inherent statistical faults. For alleviation of the faults Hoen and Oosterhaven (26) propose the following alternative indicator: SRCA j = x j n j=1 x j m j n j=1 m j (2) Using indicator (2) an indicator value in the interval [ 1, ) marks a comparative disadvantage and a value in the interval (, 1] a comparative advantage. Additionally, Borbély (26) proposes another alternative indicator, that also accounts for the faults of the original indicator and furthermore allows for a comparison of sectors in different countries. MRCA c,j = arctan ln x c,j J x c,j j=1 x I,j J x I,j j=1 (3) In analogy to indicator (2) an indicator value in the interval [ 1, ) accounts for a comparative disadvantage while a value in the interval (, 1] accounts for a comparative advantage. In analogy to the original indicator the variable x c,j gives the exports in sector j and region c, while x I,j gives the exports of the sector in a reference market I. While indicator (2) is a direct adaptation of the original indicator, indicator (3) does not only change the form of calculation of comparative advantages but also the way these advantages are measured. Instead of a comparison of exports and imports in a 7
given countries, the relevance of one sector in the total exports of a country is compared to the relevance the same sector has in the reference market. Indicator (1) as well as indicator (2) have the disadvantage that they are one-dimensional indicators. Thus in the course of any analysis a decision has to be made whether the comparison is across sectors or across countries. While it is possible to substitute the sectoral component with a country-specific one, it is not possible to take an intersectoral and international perspective at once. At this point indicator (3) comes into play. It is two-dimensional and allows the comparison of different sectors in different countries without generating problems of comparability for the results - only the reference market is a priori fixed. 8
2.2.2 Export Unit Values For a given sector j the price of one metric kilogram of exports of sector j can be calculated by dividing the overall value of the exports of the sector by their volume, resulting in the so called export unit values: EUV c,j = x c,j x W c,j (4) x W c,j is the volume of all exports of sector j in country c (measured in metric tons). If the EUVs for all countries are calculated they can be sorted into high price, medium price and low price exporters. If the EUVs for all countries are calculated they can be sorted into high price, medium price and low price exporters. One can distinguish the top quartile (high quality) from a medium range (two medium quartiles) and the bottom quartile in which standardized low quality products will be found. As quartiles are considered it is not assured that each quartile spans a comparable price range which remains stable across time. For example for the manufacture of motor vehicle in 1999 the lower quartile spans the range from 294.27 to 691.9 and the upper quartile spans the range from 974.58 to 2,38.64 while in 211 the lower quartile spans the range from 228.8 to 578.21 and the upper quartile spans the range from 993.38 to 1,344.8. In the bottom quartile barriers to entry are low and given the rather modest quality competition product innovations will be rather low. By contrast, the top quartile stands for rather advanced products and high quality products, respectively; Schumpeterian rents in this product group should be rather high. 9
2.3 Method of Presentation The following overview combines three types of presentation of the underlying data. The consequent section reports the raw results of the MRCA and the EUV indicator spanning the full time frame from 1999 to 213. In the course of the study a NACE 3-digit or NACE 2-digit level respectively which means to compare 96 or 22 different sectors. While the more detailed NACE 3- digit classification is implemented in section four the descriptive figure in the following section three are based on the NACE 2-digit classification. The 22 sectors are grouped via a classification of the OECD 1 assigning all sectors into five product categories. Table 1 gives an overview which NACE sector is assigned to which category. Very generally speaking it can be assumed that the technology incorporated in the goods increases for sectors further down in the table - denominating especially labor and resource intensive goods as low-tech goods and science-based and differentiated goods as high-tech goods. OECD Category Labor-intensive -intensive Resourceintensive Scienceintensive NACE Sektors 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183, 191, 192, 193, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 231, 232, 233, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 271, 272, 273, 275 211, 212, 221, 222, 223, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 251, 252, 274, 341, 342, 343, 352, 354, 355 3, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 353 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 321, 322, 323 Figure 1: Product categories of the OECD classification As an existent advantage present in one sector does not necessitate the importance of the sector in the underlying countries trade mix it is imperative to combine the relative dimension of the MRCA indicator with an absolute dimension. In this context the third figure in each country set displays the MRCA indicators on the vertical axis and the share of each sector in total 1 See Pavitt (1984) and OECD (1987). 1
manufacturing exports (excluding the recycling sector) on the horizontal axis. Finally, in the fourth section distinct sectors are considered and it illustrated in which price categories countries compete against each other. The section starts with a broad overview based on the five categories of the OECD classification and is in the later parts disaggregated into the 96 sectors of the NACE 3-digit classification. In comparison to section two four additional countries in addition to the EU 28 countries; China, Russia, Turkey and the USA. Turkey as a long-time EU accession countries and the other three as considerable trading partners of the EU are considered. As a side-note it can be mentioned that in the third section some of the figure for the dynamics of EUVs have been cropped for a higher visibility. Furthermore, in the fourth section n.a. abbreviates sectors where information for no country has been available in all other cases all countries have been considered that on the one hand report data and on the other hand reported a revealed comparative advantage at the observed point in time and the respective sector. If no country is reported this is mostly due to the fact that no country reported a comparative advantage. This does not exclude that no country covers the respective sector-price segment but rather that it is none of the EU 28 + 4 countries. 11
3 Country Competitiveness Profiles 12
3.1 Austria Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 2: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 3: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 13
1 3 32 18,5 34 15 2 -,5 Figure 4: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 14
3.2 Belgium Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 5: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 6: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 15
1 21 3 28,5 15 24 -,5 Figure 7: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 16
3.3 Bulgaria Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 8: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 9: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 17
1 16 25,5 15 -,5 18 27 Figure 1: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 18
3.4 Croatia Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 11: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 6 5 4 3 2 1 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 12: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 19
1 21 3 32,5 31 15 24 -,5 Figure 13: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 2
3.5 Cyprus Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 14: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 15: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 21
1 21 31 32 36,5 27 15 -,5 24 35 Figure 16: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 22
3.6 Czech Republic Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 17: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 18: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 23
1 21 32 3,5 29 34 -,5 Figure 19: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 24
3.7 Denmark Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 2: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 21: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 25
1,5 2 32 35 15 29 -,5 Figure 22: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 26
3.8 Estonia Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 23: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 24: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 27
1 21 31 15 18 35,5 34 -,5 Figure 25: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 28
3.9 Finland Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 26: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 6 5 4 3 2 1 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 27: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 29
1 22 26 25,5 29 -,5 24 27 Figure 28: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 3
3.1 France Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 29: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 3: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 31
1 3,5 21 24 34 -,5 15 Figure 31: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 32
3.11 Germany Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 32: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 33: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 33
1 21 3,5 27 34 29 24 -,5 Figure 34: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 34
3.12 Greece Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 35: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 5 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 36: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 35
1 21,5 25 15 27 -,5 24 Figure 37: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 36
3.13 Hungary Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 38: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 39: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 37
1 3 27 32 35,5 29 -,5 31 34 15 Figure 4: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 38
3.14 Ireland Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 41: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 42: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 39
1 33 29 34,5 2 -,5 15 24 31 Figure 43: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 4
3.15 Italy Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 44: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 45: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 41
1 3,5 15 16 18 34 29 -,5 Figure 46: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 42
3.16 Latvia Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 47: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 48: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 43
1 21 3 32,5 31 15 34 -,5 Figure 49: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 44
3.17 Lithuania Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 5: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 51: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 45
1 19 21 22 32,5 23 28 15 -,5 24 36 Figure 52: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 46
3.18 Luxembourg Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 53: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 54: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 47
1 21 25 29 3 32,5 24 -,5 27 Figure 55: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 48
3.19 Malta Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 56: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 6 5 4 3 2 1 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 57: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 49
1 31 35,5 23 -,5 Figure 58: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 5
3.2 Netherlands Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 59: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 6: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 51
1 21 3 32,5 28 33 -,5 15 24 Figure 61: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 52
3.21 Poland Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 62: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 63: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 53
1 19 21 3,5 22 23 29 15 34 -,5 Figure 64: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 54
3.22 Portugal Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 65: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 66: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 55
1 21 3 17 26 36,5 15 16 19 24 29 -,5 34 Figure 67: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 56
3.23 Romania Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 68: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 69: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 57
1 21 3 16 19 17 35,5 29 -,5 18 34 Figure 7: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 58
3.24 Slovak Republic Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 71: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 72: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 59
1 3 32,5 29 34 -,5 Figure 73: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 6
3.25 Slovenia Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 74: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 75: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 61
1 3 19,5 35 27 29 34 -,5 Figure 76: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 62
3.26 Spain Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 77: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 78: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 63
1 3,5 24 15 -,5 34 Figure 79: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 64
3.27 Sweden Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 8: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 81: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 65
1 22 26 3 32,5 23 34 -,5 29 24 Figure 82: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 66
3.28 United Kingdom Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 83: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 6 5 4 3 2 1 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 84: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 67
1 3 21 23 32 27,5 34 15 -,5 24 Figure 85: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 68
3.29 China Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 86: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 87: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 69
1 17 19 32 36,5 35 31 18 29 -,5 Figure 88: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 7
3.3 Russia Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 89: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 9: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 71
1 23 25 22,5 28 -,5 24 27 Figure 91: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 72
3.31 Turkey Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 92: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 93: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 73
1 3 33 23 32,5 27 28 24 -,5 29 Figure 94: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 74
3.32 USA Final (4) 1 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 95: Dynamics of Revealed Comparative Advantages Final (5) 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 17 18 19 28 36 15 16 2 23 26 27 21 22 24 25 34 35 3 33 29 31 32 Sciencebased Intensive 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Figure 96: Dynamics of Export Unit Values 75
1 15 3,5 18 34 -,5 17 Figure 97: Revealed Comparative Advantages and Export Shares 76
4 Sectoral Competitiveness Profiles of the EU 27 Market 77
4.1 Labor Intensive Industries Low High 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 BE, BG, CZ, DE, EE, FR, GR, HU, LI, LV, LX, PL, PT, RO, SK, SV, CN, TR BE, BG, CZ, DK, EE, GR, HR, LI, LX, MT, PL, RO, SK, SV, CN, TR AU, BG, CZ, DK, EE, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, RO, SK, SV, CN, TR AU, BG, EE, GR, HR, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, RO, SK, SP, SV, CN, RU, TR AU, BG, CY, CZ, EE, IT, LV, LX, MT, PL, RO, SK, SP, UK, CN, RU, TR BE, BG, CY, CZ, EE, GR, HR, LI, LV, LX, PL, RO, SP, SW, UK, CN, RU, TR BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, CN, TR BG, CY, CZ, DK, EE, GR, HR, LI, LV, LX, PL, RO, SK, UK, CN, TR BG, CZ, DK, EE, FR, GR, HR, IR, IT, LI, LV, PL, PT, SK, SP, CN, TR BG, EE, FR, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, CN, TR BG, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FR, GR, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, PL, PT, SK, CN, TR, US AU, BE, BG, CZ, DE, FR, GR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PT, SK, SP, SW, SV, CN, TR BE, BG, CY, CZ, DK, FR, GR, HR, IT, LX, PL, SK, SW, CN, TR AU, BG, CY, EE, GR, HR, PL, PT, SK, SP, SW, UK, CN, TR BE, BG, CY, DE, DK, EE, GR, HR, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, SK, SW, CN, TR AU, BE, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, RU, TR, US AU, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, TR, US AU, BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, RU, TR BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, US AU, BE, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, TR, US AU, BE, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, TR, US AU, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, GR, HR, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, UK, CN, TR, US CZ, DE, FN, GR, HR, IT, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, TR AU, BE, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, RO, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, US DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PT, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US AU, BG, CY, DE, EE, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, SK, SW, UK, RU, TR, US Figure 98: Competitors in Labor Intensive Industries 78
4.2 Resource Intensive Industries Low High 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 BE, BG, CZ, DE, EE, FR, HR, HU, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, RO, SK, SV, CN, RU, TR BE, BG, CZ, DE, EE, GR, HU, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, RO, SK, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US BE, BG, CZ, EE, HR, HU, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, CN, RU, TR, US BG, CZ, DE, EE, GR, HR, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, CN, RU, TR, US BE, BG, CY, CZ, EE, GR, HR, HU, LI, LV, LX, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, UK, CN, RU, TR, US BE, BG, CZ, EE, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US BE, BG, CY, CZ, DK, EE, GR, HR, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, CN, RU, TR, US BG, EE, FR, GR, HR, LI, LV, PL, PT, RO, SK, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US BE, BG, EE, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, PT, SK, SP, CN, RU, TR BE, BG, CZ, EE, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, SK, SP, CN, RU, TR, US BE, BG, CY, CZ, DK, EE, FR, HR, IT, LI, LV, PL, PT, RO, SK, CN, RU, TR, US AU, BE, BG, CZ, DE, EE, FR, GR, HU, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, RO, SK, SP, SV, CN, RU, TR, US BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, CN, RU, TR, US AU, BE, BG, DE, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, IT, LI, LV, PL, PT, SK, SW, SV, CN, RU, TR BE, BG, CY, DE, EE, FN, HR, IR, IT, LI, LV, MT, PL, PT, SK, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, CN, RU, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, TR, US AU, BE, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, HR, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, TR, US AU, BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US AU, BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, CN, RU, TR, US DE, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, MT, NL, PL, PT, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US Figure 99: Competitors in Resource Intensive Industries 79
4.3 Intensive Industries Low High 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 BE, BG, CZ, DE, EE, HR, HU, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SV, CN, RU, TR BE, BG, CZ, DE, EE, FR, GR, HU, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, RO, SK, SV, CN, RU, TR BE, BG, CZ, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IR, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, CN, RU, TR BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, GR, HR, LI, LV, LX, PT, RO, SK, SV, CN, RU, TR BE, BG, CY, CZ, EE, GR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, CN, RU, TR, US BE, BG, CY, CZ, EE, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, CN, RU, TR, US BG, CY, CZ, EE, GR, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SV, CN, RU, TR, US BG, CY, CZ, EE, FR, GR, HR, IT, LI, LV, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, CN, RU, TR, US BE, BG, CZ, EE, GR, HR, IR, IT, LI, LV, PL, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR BE, BG, CY, CZ, EE, FR, GR, HR, IR, IT, LI, LV, NL, PL, PT, SK, SV, CN, TR BE, BG, CZ, DE, EE, FR, HR, IR, IT, LI, LV, PL, PT, RO, SK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, EE, FR, HR, HU, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, RO, SK, SP, SV, CN, RU, TR, US BE, BG, CZ, DE, EE, FR, GR, HR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, SK, SP, CN, RU, TR BE, BG, DK, EE, FR, GR, HR, LI, LV, MT, PL, RO, SW, UK, CN, RU, TR, US BE, BG, DE, EE, FR, HR, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, PL, PT, RO, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, CN, RU, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, CN, RU, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, CN, RU, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, CN, RU, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, CN, RU, TR, US BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, RU, TR, US AU, BE, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, RU, TR, US AU, BE, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, UK, CN, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, TR, US AU, BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DK, EE, FN, GR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, TR, US Figure 1: Competitors in Intensive Industries 8
4.4 Science Intensive Industries 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Low HU, IT, NL, SV, CN IT, NL, SV, CN HU, MT, SV, UK, CN CZ, HU, SV, UK, CN CZ, HU, MT, SV, CN IR, MT, NL, SV, CN CY, DE, IR, MT, NL, SV, CN CZ, GR, IT, NL, SP, SV, CN MT, SV, CN DE, IT, NL, SW, UK, CN DE, DK, HR, HU, IT, MT, NL, SW, CN, RU MT, NL, CN AU, DE, FN, IT, NL, CN, RU NL, CN HU, NL, CN, RU BE, CY, DE, DK, FR, HR, IR, LX, MT, NL, SP, UK BE, CY, DE, FR, HR, HU, IR, IT, MT, NL, PT, SP, SW BE, CY, DE, DK, FN, HR, HU, IR, IT, NL, PT, SP, UK, TR AU, BE, CY, DE, DK, EE, FR, HR, HU, IR, IT, MT, NL, SP, UK BE, CY, DE, DK, FR, HR, HU, IR, IT, MT, NL, SP, SV, UK, US BE, CZ, DE, DK, FR, HU, IR, IT, MT, NL, SW, SV, UK BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, FR, HR, HU, IT, UK, RU BE, DE, DK, HU, IT, NL, UK BE, DE, FR, GR, HU, IR, IT, NL, SP, SW, UK, US BE, CY, CZ, DE, EE, FN, HR, HU, LI, LV, MT, NL, PT, RO, SP, UK, US AU, BE, CY, CZ, DE, FN, HU, IR, LI, NL, SK, UK, US BE, DE, FR, HR, HU, IT, LV, SK, SW, UK BE, CY, DE, EE, FR, HR, HU, IT, SP, SW, UK AU, BE, DE, FN, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, MT, NL, SW, UK BE, DE, DK, FN, HR, IR, IT, LV, LX, NL, SW, UK High CY, EE, FN, FR, IR, LX, MT, NL, PT, SW, UK, TR, US BG, CY, DK, FR, IR, IT, LX, MT, NL, UK, US CY, FR, GR, HU, LX, MT, NL, PT, SW, UK, TR, US AU, BG, CY, DK, FN, HU, LX, NL, PT, SW, UK, US AU, BG, CY, DK, FN, GR, HU, IR, LX, MT, NL, PT, SW, SV, UK, US AU, CY, EE, FN, IR, LX, MT, NL, PT, SP, SW, SV, UK, US AU, CY, DE, EE, FN, FR, GR, IR, LX, MT, NL, SP, SW, SV, US AU, CY, DK, FN, FR, GR, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, US AU, BG, CY, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HU, IR, LI, LV, MT, NL, PT, SW, SV, TR AU, BE, CY, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HU, IR, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, TR, US CY, DE, DK, FN, FR, GR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, SP, SW, UK, US CY, CZ, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, IR, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, SW, TR, US AU, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FR, GR, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, NL, PT, SK, SW, US AU, CY, CZ, FR, GR, IR, LV, LX, MT, NL, SK, SW, US AU, CY, CZ, DK, FR, GR, IR, LI, NL, SK, SW, US Figure 11: Competitors in Science Intensive Industries 81
4.5 Industries 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Low BG, CY, CZ, GR, LI, RO, SK, SP, CN, TR BG, CY, GR, PL, RO, SK, SP, SV, CN, TR GR, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SV, CN, TR BG, CY, EE, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, PT, RO, SK, SP, CN, TR BG, CY, EE, GR, HR, HU, LI, LV, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, CN, TR AU, BG, CY, EE, FR, GR, HU, LI, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, CN, TR BG, CY, EE, FR, GR, HU, LI, PL, RO, SK, SV, CN, TR BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, FR, GR, HU, IR, LI, PL, PT, SK, UK, CN, TR BE, CZ, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IR, LI, LV, PL, RO, SK, CN, TR DE, EE, FR, GR, HU, IR, MT, SK, SW, CN, TR BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, GR, HU, IR, IT, LV, PT, RO, SP, CN, TR CY, DE, DK, EE, GR, LV, NL, SP, CN, TR BG, CY, DE, EE, FR, GR, HU, PL, PT, SP, CN, TR AU, BG, CY, DE, EE, GR, HR, HU, IT, SK, SV, CN, TR BG, CY, DE, EE, GR, IT, LI, NL, SK, SV, UK, CN, TR CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, HR, HU, IT, LX, PL, PT, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, TR AU, BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LX, PL, PT, RO, SK, SV, UK, CN AU, BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LI, NL, PL, PT, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN AU, BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, CN AU, BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN AU, BE, BG, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, HR, HU, IT, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN AU, BE, CY, CZ, DE, DK, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU AU, BE, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LV, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, TR, US CZ, DE, DK, FR, HR, HU, IT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, US AU, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EE, FN, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, US BE, BG, CZ, DE, EE, FN, FR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LI, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, HR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK CZ, DE, DK, FN, FR, HU, IT, LI, LV, LX, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, TR CZ, DE, EE, FR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LV, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN High BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, IR, LX, MT, NL, PT, SK, SP, SW, UK, CN, RU, TR, US AU, BG, DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, IR, LX, MT, NL, PL, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, US AU, BE, BG, DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, IR, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, SK, SP, SW, SV, UK, CN, RU, US AU, BE, BG, DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IT, LX, MT, PT, RO, SK, SW, UK, CN, RU, US AU, BE, BG, DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, LV, MT, PL, PT, RO, SK, SP, SW, UK, CN, RU, US AU, BE, BG, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HU, LV, LX, MT, NL, PL, PT, RO, SW, UK, CN, RU, US AU, CY, DE, EE, FN, FR, GR, HU, LV, LX, MT, PL, RO, SW, SV, CN, US AU, BE, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HU, IR, LV, LX, MT, PL, PT, SK, SW, UK, CN, US AU, BE, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IR, LX, MT, PL, RO, SK, SW, UK, TR, US AU, DE, DK, FN, FR, GR, HU, IR, MT, SK, SP, SW, US CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, FR, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, LV, MT, NL, PT, RO, SP, SW, US DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, HR, IR, LV, MT, SP, SW, UK, US BG, CY, DE, EE, FN, FR, HR, HU, IR, LV, MT, PL, PT, SP, SW, US AU, BG, CY, DE, FN, GR, HR, HU, IR, IT, MT, PT, SK, SP, SW, SV, CN, TR, US AU, BG, CY, CZ, DE, DK, EE, FN, GR, IT, LV, LX, MT, PT, RO, SK, SW, SV, UK, CN, US Figure 12: Competitors in Industries 82
4.6 Manufacture of Food and Beverages 151 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Low - - - - SP - - - BE CY CY LV LV - CY BE, DK, FR, HR, NL, BE, DK, FR, NL, PT, DE, DK, FR, NL, PL, BE, DK, NL, SP SP SP BE, DK, FR, NL, SP BE, DK, FR, NL BE, DK, FR, NL, SP BE, DK, NL, SP DK, NL, PL, SP SP DK, NL, SP DK, NL, SP AU, DK CY, DK, NL, SP CY, NL, PL, SP DK, PL High BG, FR, HU, IR, PL BG, HU, IR, PT BG, HU, IR BG, HU, IR BG, HU, IR BG, HU, IR, PL BG, HU, IR, PL HU, IR BG, HU, IR IR, PL IR, PL IR, NL, PL, SP IR, PL IR IR, NL, SP Figure 13: Competitors in Production, Processing and Preserving of Meat and Meat Products 152 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Low EE, LI, LV HR, LV, PL HR, LV, PL, SW HR, LI, LV, SW HR, LV, SW HR, LI, LV HR, LV, SP EE, LV, SW EE, HR, LI, LV, SW LI, LV EE, LI, LV EE, LV, SW EE, SW EE, SW EE, LV, SW DK, NL, PT, SP, CN, DK, EE, LI, NL, PT, DK, EE, GR, LI, NL, DK, EE, NL, PL, PT, DK, EE, LI, NL, PL, DK, EE, NL, PL, PT, DK, EE, LI, NL, PL, DK, LI, PL, SP, CN, IR, NL, PL, PT, SP, DK, EE, NL, PL, PT, DK, GR, LI, PL, PT, RU SP, CN, RU PT, SP, CN, RU SP, RU PT, SP, CN, RU SP, SW, CN, RU SW, UK, CN, RU RU UK SP DK, NL, PL, PT, SP DK, LI, PL, PT, SP SP DK, LI, PL, PT DK, LI, PL, PT High GR, PL GR - GR GR GR GR, PT GR, NL, PT DK, GR GR - GR - SP SP Figure 14: Competitors in Processing and Preserving of Fish and Fish Products 153 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Low CY, HU, IT BE, HU, IT HU, IT HU, IT, PT BE, IT BE, PL, PT BE, GR, IT, PL, PT BE, GR, IT, PT BE, GR, HU, IT, PT BE, BG, NL BE, NL, PT BE, NL BE, SP BE, SP BE, SP BE, BG, GR, NL, PL, BG, CY, GR, HR, NL, BE, GR, HR, NL, PL, BE, BG, GR, NL, PL, BG, GR, HU, NL, PL, BG, GR, IT, NL, SP, BG, FR, NL, PL, SP, SP, TR PL, SP, CN SP SP, TR SP, TR TR BG, NL, SP BG, NL, PL, SP TR GR, PL, SP BG, GR, PL, SP BG, GR, SP GR, NL CY, GR, NL GR, NL High - TR BG, LX, TR LX LX LX LX, TR LI, LX, TR LI, LX TR LX, TR LX, TR LX, TR TR CY, TR Figure 15: Competitors in Processing and Preserving of Fruit and Vegetables 154 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Low RO - - BE, NL NL LV, NL NL, RU SV, RU NL, SV, RU NL, RU NL, SV, RU LV, NL, RO, SV, RU NL, SV, RU LI, SV, RU BG, SV, RU BE, DK, NL BE, DK, NL BE, DK, NL - BE BE, DK BE, DK, LI DK, NL BE, DK PT BE, DK BE, DK LV NL DK, HU, NL High GR, SP, TR GR, PT, SP GR, PT, SP GR, SP DK, GR, SP CY, GR, SP CY, GR, IT, SP GR, IT, SP GR, SP GR, SP GR, SP GR, SP GR, SP GR, SP GR, SP Figure 16: Competitors in Manufacture of Vegetable and Animal Oils and Fats 155 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 Low DE, LX AU, DE, LX AU, BE, DE AU, DE AU, BE, DE AU, LX AU, LV AU, LV LV, LX LV LV AU, EE EE EE EE BE, FR, LI, LV, NL, BE, EE, FR, LI, LV, BE, EE, FR, LI, LV, DE, EE, FR, LI, LX, EE, FR, LI, LX, NL, BE, DE, EE, FR, LI, DK, EE, FR, LI, LX, PL BE, FR, LI, NL EE, FR, IR, LI, LV, NL NL EE, FR, LI, LV, NL NL NL, PL PL NL, PL EE, FR, LI, LX NL FR, LI, LX FR, LI, LX FR, LI, LX FR, LI, LX High CY, DK, GR, IR DK, GR, IR DK, GR CY, DK, GR, IR CY, DK, GR, IR, MT CY, DK, GR, IR CY, DK, GR, IR CY, DK, GR, IR AU, DK, GR, IR DK, IR, NL CY, IR CY, DK, IR CY, DK, GR, IR, NL CY, GR, IR, NL CY, DK, GR, IR, NL Figure 17: Competitors in Manufacture of Dairy Products 83