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Supporting Information M1 macrophage-derived nanovesicles potentiate the anticancer efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors Yeon Woong Choo, 1, Mikyung Kang, 2, Han Young Kim, 1 Jin Han, 1 Seokyung Kang, 1 Ju-Ro Lee, 1 Gun-Jae Jeong, 1 Sung Pil Kwon, 1 Seuk Young Song, 1 Seokhyeong Go, 2 Mungyo Jung, 1 Jihye Hong, 2 Byung-Soo Kim 1,2,3, * 1 School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea 2 Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea 3 Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea These authors contributed equally to this work. *Byung-Soo Kim, Ph.D., E-mail: byungskim@snu.ac.kr Key Words: cancer immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitor macrophage polarization nanovesicle tumor-associated macrophage

Supplemental Tables Gene Forward Primers Reverse TNF α CCTGTAGCCCACGTCGTAGC AGCAATGACTCCAAAGTAGACC CD206 CTGCAGATGGGTGGGTTATT GGCATTGATGCTGCTGTTATG VEGF GGCCTCCGAAACCATGAACT ACTTGGCATGGTGGAGGTACA IL 6 ATCCAGTTGCCTTCTTGGGACTGA TTGGATGGTCTTGGTCCTTAGCCA inos TCACCTTCGAGGGCAGCCGA TCCGTGGCAAAGCGAGCCAG IL 10 ACTGGCATGAGGATCAGCAG CTCCTTGATTTCTGGGCCAT IL 4 ACTTGAGAGAGATCATCGGCATTT AGCACCTTGGAAGCCCTACAG FIZZ1 AGGATGCCAACTTTGAATAGGA CGAGTAAGCACAGGCAGTT GAPDH TGTGATGGGTGTGAACCACG CAGTGAGCTTCCCGTTCAGC CD86 GATTATCGGAGCGCCTTTCT CCACACTGACTCTTCCATTCTT CCL18 CTCTGCTGCCTCGTCTATACCT CTTGGTTAGGAGGATGACACCT Arg 1 GACCGTTGTGTGTGTTCTGG GATGAGCAGCATCACAAGGA MMP9 TCCAGTACCAAGACAAAGC GAGCCCTAGTTCAAGGGCAC PD L1 GGTGCCGACTACAAGCGAAT AGCCCTCAGCCTGACATGTC FGF 2 GGCGTCCGCGAGAAGA TGGCACACACTCCCTTGATGAA PDGF β ATCCGCTCCTTTGATGATCT GAGCTTTCCAACTCGACTCC IFN-γ CAGCAACAGCAAGGCGAAAA AACTTGAGGGAGAAGTAGGAATGG IL-12 GGAAGCACGGCAGCAGAATA AACTTGAGGGAGAAGTAGGAATGG Table S1. Mouse-specific primers for each gene. TNF α indicates tumor necrosis factor alpha; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; IL 6, interleukin 6; inos, inducible nitric oxide synthase; IL 10, interleukin 10; IL 4, interleukin 4; GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; CCL18, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 18; Arg 1, Arginase 1; MMP9, Matrix metallopeptidase 9; PD L1, Programmed death-ligand 1; FGF 2, fibroblast growth factor 2; and PDGF β, Platelet-derived growth factor β; IFN-γ, Interferon gamma; IL-12, interleukin 12.

Supplemental Figures Supporting Information Figure 1 Supporting information figure 1. Microarray analysis of mirna expressions in M1NVs compared to M0NVs. Red and green indicate upregulation and downregulation, respectively, in the mirna expressions of M1NVs as compared to those of M0NVs. The data are shown as log 2 ratio of M1NVs to M0NVs. Only mirnas whose difference in the amount between M1NVs and M0NVs is over 1.5 fold are represented.

Supporting Information Figure 2 Supporting information figure 2. Relative expression of PD-L1 mrna expression in CT26 cells after M0NV and M1NV treatment for 24 h, as evaluated by qrt-pcr (n = 3 per group). ns = no significant difference (one-way ANOVA, Tukey s multiple comparison post hoc test). The data represent mean ± SD.

Supporting Information Figure 3 Supporting information figure 3. Comparison of in vivo biodistribution between M1NVs and M1 macrophages. (A) Whole body image and (B) representative biodistributions of M1 macrophages and M1NVs in the tumor tissues and major organs (heart, lung, spleen, kidney, and liver) 1 days after intravenous injection (n = 3 animals per group). (C) Quantification of the fluorescence signals in different organs. The graph shows relative intensity of each organ over the sum of intensities of the major organs in each group. Differences exist in the sum of fluorescence intensities of the major organs between M1NV- and M1 cell-treated mice, which might be due to the difference in circulation time caused by the different size between M1NVs and M1 macrophage cells.

Supporting Information Figure 4 Supporting information figure 4. Relative expression of PD-L1 mrna expression in M2 macrophages after M0NV and M1NV treatment for 24 h, as evaluated by qrt-pcr (n = 3 per group). p < 0.05 vs. M0NV (one-way ANOVA, Tukey s multiple comparison post hoc test). The data represent mean ± SD.

Supporting Information Figure 5 Supporting information figure 5. The levels of anti-m1nv IgG in serum of CT26 tumor bearing mice treated with either PBS or M1NVs. The IgG levels were determined on day -1, +1, +6, +13 and +20 days after the first treatment. No significant difference was observed between PBS- and M1NV-treated mice. (n = 5 mice per group). ns = no significant difference (one-way ANOVA, Tukey s multiple comparison post hoc test). The data represent mean ± SD.

Supporting Information Figure 6 Supporting information figure 6. Representative immunofluorescence images and the quantification of M1 macrophage marker expression in the tumor tissues 24 h after the last

injection. (A-B) Tumor tissues were stained for nuclei (DAPI, blue), CD86 (red) and CD80 (green). Scale bars = 100 μm. CD86 + or CD80 + areas relative to the DAPI + area were quantified in 10 randomly selected fields per mouse (n = 3 mice per group). *p < 0.05 vs. PBS, p < 0.05 vs. M1NV, p < 0.05 vs. apd L1 (one-way ANOVA, Tukey s significant difference post hoc test). The data represent mean ± SD. Supporting Information Figure 7 Supporting information figure 7. Representative immunofluorescence images and the quantification of M2 macrophage marker expression in the tumor tissues 24 h after the last

injection. (A-B) Tumor tissues were stained for nuclei (DAPI, blue), CD163 (red) and CD206 (red). Scale bars = 100 μm. CD163 + or CD206 + areas relative to the DAPI + area were quantified in 10 randomly selected fields per mouse (n = 3 mice per group). *p < 0.05 vs. PBS, p < 0.05 vs. M1NV, p < 0.05 vs. apd L1 (one-way ANOVA, Tukey s significant difference post hoc test). The data represent mean ± SD. Supporting Information Figure 8

Supporting information figure 8. Representative immunofluorescence images and the quantification of a pan-macrophage marker (CD68) expression in the tumor tissues 24 h after the last injection. Tumor tissues were stained for nuclei (DAPI, blue), CD68 (red). Scale bars = 100 μm. CD68 + areas relative to the DAPI + area were quantified in 10 randomly selected fields per mouse (n = 3 mice per group). *p < 0.05 vs. PBS, p < 0.05 vs. M1NV, p < 0.05 vs. apd L1 (one-way ANOVA, Tukey s significant difference post hoc test). The data represent mean ± SD. Supporting Information Figure 9 Supporting information figure 9. Relative IFN-γ mrna expressions in tumor tissues 24 h after the last injection, as determined by qrt-pcr (n = 3 mice per group). *p<0.05 vs. PBS, p<0.05 vs. M1NV, p<0.05 vs. apd L1 (one-way ANOVA, Tukey s multiple comparison post hoc test). The data represent mean ± SD.

Supporting Information Figure 10 Supporting information figure 10. mrna amounts and macrophage repolarization of M1 BMNVs. (A) Relative M1 marker (CD86 and IL-12) mrna expression in M0 BMDM and M1 BMDM, and mrna amounts of M0 BMNV and M1 BMDM were evaluated by qrt-pcr (n

= 3 per group). (B) Relative M1 marker (IL-6, inos and TNF-α) in M2 macrophages after M0 BMNV and M1 BMNV treatment for 24 h, as evaluated by qrt-pcr (n = 3 per group). (A) *p < 0.05 vs. M0 BMNV (Student s t-test). (B) *p < 0.05 vs. NT, p < 0.05 vs. M0 BMNV (oneway ANOVA, Tukey s multiple comparison post hoc test). The data represent mean ± SD.

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