Foreword Qian Chen v Shu-Xun Hou ix Stephan M. Perren xi L. K. Hung xiii Preface xv List of Contributors xxvii Part I Cell Culture and Molecular Biology 1 Chapter 1 DNA Microarray 3 Xiao-Ling Zhang and Yan-Zhi Du Chapter 2 Visualizing Gene Products: 21 Immunohistochemistry, in situ Hybridization, and Staining for β-galactosidase Activity Yong-Bo Lu, Yi-Xia Xie and Jian-Quan Feng Chapter 3 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture, 39 Expansion, and Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation Hui Sheng, Ling Qin, Ge Zhang, Wei-Fang Jin, Jian-Jun Cao, Hong-Fu Wang, Yi-Xiang Wang and Wen-Song Tan xix
xx A Practical Manual for Musculoskeletal Research Chapter 4 Stem Cells and Their Role in Bone Formation 63 and Regeneration Yi-Zhi Meng and Yi-Xian Qin Chapter 5 Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering 75 Applications in the Musculoskeletal System Chang-Hun Lee, Gregory Yourek, Eduardo Moioli, Paul A. Clark and Jeremy Jian Mao Chapter 6 Osteoblast Culture and Pharmacological 99 Evaluation in vitro Hong-Fu Wang, Wei-Fang Jin, Jian-Jun Cao and Hui Sheng Chapter 7 Osteoclast Culture and Pharmacological 113 Evaluation in vitro Jian-Jun Cao, Wei-Fang Jin, Hong-Fu Wang and Hui Sheng Chapter 8 Primary Cultures of Human Periosteal Cells 127 Wing-Hoi Cheung, Wing-Sze Lee, C. Zhang and Kwok-Sui Leung Chapter 9 Visualization of Osteocytes and 135 Mineralization Yi-Xia Xie, Ling Ye, Shu-Bin Zhang, Vladimir Dusevich and Jian-Quan Feng Chapter 10 Tissue Culture of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone 147 Lin Huang and Ming-Hao Zheng Chapter 11 Chondrocyte Mechanotransduction in 153 Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Xu Yang, Riaz Gillani and Qian Chen
xxi Chapter 12 Chondrocyte-Pellet Culture for Cartilage 165 Repair Research Wing-Hoi Cheung, Kwoon-Ho Chow, Kwong-Man Lee and Kwok-Sui Leung Part II Histology and Histomorphometry 177 Chapter 13 Tissue Preparations 179 Yong-Bo Lu, Yi-Xia Xie and Jian-Quan Feng Chapter 14 Acceleration of Bone Decalcification 201 by Ultrasound Xia Guo and Wai-Ling Lam Chapter 15 Stains of Bone and Cartilage 219 Yong-Bo Lu, Yi-Xia Xie and Jian-Quan Feng Chapter 16 Contact Microradiography for Studying 231 the Degree of Bone Mineralization Yong-Ping Cao, Tasuku Mashiba, Xin Yang, Chao Liu and Satoshi Mori Chapter 17 Undecalcified Histology in Studying 249 Hard Tissue Implanted with Calcium Phosphate based Ceramics Chun-Wai Chan and Ling Qin Part III Microscopy and Bioimaging 277 Chapter 18 Protocols of Micro-Computed Tomographic 279 Analysis Established for Musculoskeletal Applications Hiu-Yan Yeung, Kwok-Sui Leung, Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng, Po-Yee Lui, Ge Zhang and Ling Qin
xxii A Practical Manual for Musculoskeletal Research Chapter 19 Microangiography for Studying 301 Neovascularization During Long Bone Fracture Repair in a Rat Model Xiao-Zhong Zhou, Ge Zhang, Qi-Rong Dong and Ling Qin Chapter 20 High-Resolution Imaging of Organs 313 and Tissues by in vivo Micro-Computed Tomography Engin Ozcivici, Yen-Kim Luu, Clinton Rubin and Stefan Judex Chapter 21 Positron Emission Tomography of Bone 331 in Small Animals Erik Mittra, Shahriar S. Yaghoubi and Yi-Xian Qin Part IV Laboratory Animal Models 347 Chapter 22 Surgical Anesthesia and Analgesia for Animals 349 in Musculoskeletal Research Dewi K. Rowlands and Anthony E. James Chapter 23 Mouse Model of Calvarial Osteolysis 369 Chao Zhang and Ting-Ting Tang Chapter 24 Distraction Osteogenesis Model 381 Chun-Wai Chan and Kwok-Sui Leung Chapter 25 Fracture Nonunion Animal Model 401 Xia Guo, Mu-Qing Liu, Chi-Cheung Hui and Zheng Guo
xxiii Chapter 26 Establishment of Osteoporosis Model in Goats 421 Wing-Sum Siu, Ling Qin and Kwok-Sui Leung Chapter 27 Posterior Spinal Fusion Model 441 Chun-Wai Chan and Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng Chapter 28 Functional Disuse Model for Musculoskeletal 457 Adaptation Ho-Yan Lam and Yi-Xian Qin Chapter 29 Neurogenic Limb Disuse Animal Models 477 Xia Guo, Xiao-Yun Wang and Wai-Ling Lam Chapter 30 Establishment of Steroid-Associated 495 Osteonecrosis Rabbit Model Ge Zhang, Ling Qin and Hui Sheng Chapter 31 Establishment of Anterior Cruciate Ligament 511 Reconstruction Model in Rabbit Chun-Yi Wen and Kai-Ming Chan Chapter 32 Establishment of Normal and Delayed 535 Bone Tendon Junction Repair Models Kwok-Sui Leung and Ling Qin Chapter 33 Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection 559 (ACLT)-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats Ya-Feng Zhang, Jun-Fei Wang and Ge Zhang Chapter 34 Establishment of Rabbit Partial Growth Plate 569 Defect Model Kwoon-Ho Chow, Ngai-Man Cheung, Wing-Hoi Cheung and Kwok-Sui Leung
xxiv A Practical Manual for Musculoskeletal Research Part V X-Ray- and MRI-based Densitometry 581 Chapter 35 Micro-CT 3D Image Analysis Techniques for 583 Orthopedic Applications: Metal Implant-to-Bone Contact Surface and Porosity of Biomaterials Phil Salmon Chapter 36 Application of DXA to Assess Orthopedic 605 Implants Tom V. Sanchez and Jing-Mei Wang Chapter 37 Clinical Monitoring of Bone Mineralization 619 in Distraction Osteogenesis Using DXA Vivian Wing-Yin Hung, Bobby Kin-Wah Ng and Jack Chun-Yiu Cheng Chapter 38 In vivo and ex vivo Bone Mineral Density and 635 Structure Measurements Using XtremeCT R A High-Resolution pqct (HRpQCT) Maurus Neff, Helmut R. Radspieler, Ling Qin and Maximilian A. Dambacher Chapter 39 Advanced 3D Image Processing Methods 649 for Quantifying Proximal Femur and Vertebra Structures from QCT Images Wen-Jun Li, Ying Lu and Thomas Lang Chapter 40 Micro-Finite Element Analysis of Bone 671 He Gong, Ming Zhang and Ling Qin Chapter 41 The Characterization of Cortical Bone Water 691 Distribution and Structure Changes on Age, Microdamage, and Disuse by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Qing-Wen Ni, Daniel P. Nicolella, Xiao-Du Wang, Jeffry S. Nyman and Yi-Xian Qin
xxv Chapter 42 Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance 729 Imaging of the Musculoskeletal System: Basic Principles and Clinical Applications in Bone Sarcomas and Rheumatoid Arthritis Yi-Xiang Wang Chapter 43 Noninvasive Evaluation of Knee Cartilage 749 Morphology by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Yi-Xiang Wang Part VI Biomechanics and Motion Analysis 771 Chapter 44 Cell Traction Force Microscopy 773 for Musculoskeletal Research James Hui-Cong Wang, Bin Li and Jeen-Shang Lin Chapter 45 Nanoindentation: Techniques and Technical 789 Considerations for Musculoskeletal Research Suzanne Ferreri, Stefan Judex and Yi-Xian Qin Chapter 46 Micromechanical Testing of Bone Tissues 813 in Tension Xiao-Du Wang, Michael Reyes, Xuan-Liang Dong and Hui-Jie Leng Chapter 47 Technical Manual for Biomechanical Testing 839 of Musculoskeletal Tissues Daniel Hung-Kay Chow, Andrew D. Holmes, Ling Qin, Wing-Sum Siu and Alon Lai Chapter 48 Motion Analysis in Musculoskeletal Research 869 Zong-Ming Li Index 891