Good Afternoon! 11/30/18 1. The term polar refers to a molecule that. A. Is cold B. Has two of the same charges C. Has two opposing charges D. Contains a hydrogen bond 2. Electrons on a water molecule are unevenly shared due to what factor? A. Oxygen having a weaker electronegativity B. Hydrogen having a stronger electronegativity C. Oxygen having a stronger electronegativity D. Hydrogen having a weaker electronegativity
MACROMOLECULES AP BIO
What is a Macromolecule? Definition A group of small organic molecules which are joined inside a cell Also known as giant molecules Classification 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Protein 4. Nucleic Acids
Composition of Macromolecules Most macromolecules are made of many polymers Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical molecules joined by a covalent bond - monomer
Synthesizing and Breaking Down Polymers Synthesizing (Forming) monomers connect covalently through the lost of a water group Condensation Reaction Dehydration Reaction Breaking Down Water group breaks apart polymer Hydrolysis
Carbohydrates Common Name: Sugars Monomer: Monosaccharide (Mono One; Sacchar sugar) Example : Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) major nutrient for the cell. Provides immediate energy for the Polymer: Polysaccharide Example Starch sugar found in plants which enables the ability to store glucose Glycogen sugar found in animals Both released in the form of glucose through hydrolysis
Structure of Carbohydrates Glycosidic Linkage (Covalent Bond) linkage between to monosaccharide sugar molecules. Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation Reaction
Lipids Common Name: Fats Monomer: Fatty Acids and Glycerol Polymer: Triacylglycerol Lipids are hydrophobic Two kinds of fats Determined by the structure of the hydrocarbon chains Saturated- no double bonds between carbon atoms composing the chain Bad.Really Bad Unsaturated double bond between carbon atoms composing of the chain
Lipids in Action Phospholipids Found on cell membranes Phosphate Head- hydrophilic and has a strong affinity for H20 Lipid Tail Hydrophobic Forms a bilayer in the presence of H2O Steroids Many Hormones Sex Hormones Testosterone and Estrogen Requires Sterol (Cholesterol Group) for production
Structures of Lipids Glycerol Carbohydrate made from glucose combines with lipid to form a triglyceride Forms a Ester Linkage through dehydration synthesis. REMEMBER- Saturated No Double Bond Unsaturated Double bond
Protein Monomer: Amino Acids (20) Polymer: Polypeptide Chain (Monomers joined through a peptide bond) Most Common Protein: Enzyme- Speeds up chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of a reaction Also known as a catalyst
Structure of Protein Carboxyl Group C, OH, Double bonded O Central Carbon with attached Hydrogen Amino Group R Group determines protein
Structures of Protein Primary Peptide Bonds Secondary Hydrogen Bonds Tertiary Disulfide Bridge Quaternary Covalent Bonds (3D- Conformation)
Joining of Amino Acids Amino acids join via dehydration synthesis Peptide Bond Many monomers join = Polypeptide Chain Combination of amino acids determine function Anitibodies, brain cells, hair color, etc.
Monomer: Nucleotide Polymer: Polynucleotide Nucleic Acid Two Kinds: DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) Stores genetic information; double stranded RNA (Ribose Nucleic Acid) responsible for protein synthesis; single stranded
Activity/Practice Building Macromolecules As a group you will build the following polymers Polysaccharide Triglyceride Polypeptide Chain All of the following are built due to dehydration/condensation reactions You will also receive water droplets to indicate the location of where the water is leaving to form the bond Identify what type of bond is present Glyosidic Covalent Bond Peptide Ester Covalent - Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding between two non metallic atoms which is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms and other covalent bonds.