Beef Strategies for the Ozarks Presented by Furst-McNess Company J. Willard Lemaster Beef Business Leader & Nutritionist Saturday, October 20, 2018 1
Classes of Nutrients Nutrient chemical that supports life 6 classes of nutrients Water Carbohydrates Lipids or fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals
Functions of Nutrients Decreased Immunity and Enzyme Function Decreased Maximum Growth/Fertility Decreased Normal Growth/Fertility Adequate Subclinical Deficiency Clinical Deficiency
Functions of Nutrients Water: Often the most overlooked! Required for nutrient transport, cell structure, and many other functions in the body Animals get water from: Free water (water trough) Feed (pastures, grains, silages, etc.) Metabolic (by product of reactions in body) Always provide clean, fresh water!
Functions of Nutrients Carbohydrates: Provide majority of energy for ruminants Includes fiber and starch sources Pasture, hay, silage Grains and by products
Functions of Nutrients Fats: Energy dense (2.25 x energy of carbs) Concentration is low in ruminant diets due to feeds used Never exceed 10% of ration DM, suppress forage digestion and intake
Functions of Nutrients Protein: Composed of building blocks called amino acids Needed to build all the proteins in the body Microbes in rumen can synthesize proteins that the animal can digest (microbial protein) Animals can t store amino acids, so that is why it is important to at least meet, if not exceed, an animal s requirement for protein
Functions of Nutrients Protein: Ruminants can use NPN (like urea) as a N source for the microbes to make protein Goats are more sensitive to using NPN than cattle, not as commonly used Must have an adequate energy supply available Ruminants also recycle N internally, if enough energy available to synthesize protein
Functions of Nutrients Vitamins: 2 types: fat (A,D,E,K) and water soluble (B complex and C) Bacteria synthesize B complex well (so don t have to be in diet) Deficiencies associated with several nutritional disorders Required in small amounts in the body and are critical in many metabolic processes
Functions of Nutrients Minerals: Inorganic nutrients 2 types: Macro required in large amounts (%) Micro required in small amounts (ppm) Know your area, get soil tests, and purchase mineral package designed for your area
Functions of Nutrients Energy: Not a nutrient, derived from breakdown of nutrients (fats, carbs, proteins) Energy is required to propel the biochemical processes that are necessary to sustain life Deficiency will cause: Weight loss, Low productivity, Death Oversupply leads to obesity (unhealthy)
Background Minerals are inorganic elements In nature, usually bound to other inorganic elements or organic molecules Required in small quantities Must be provided in diet (essential)
Why Are Minerals Important? Bone Development Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu Fertility P, Cu, Zn, Se, Mn Appetite Mg, K, Zn, Co Muscle Development P, S, Zn, Se Nervous System Mg, P, Cu Milk Production Ca, P, Mg, Zn Fetal Development Cu, Zn, Mn, Se Skin & Claw Health Zn, Cu and Mn Hair Coat Cu, Zn, Se Disease Resistance Cu, Zn, Mn, Se
Classification 2 Classifications: 1) Macro (major) minerals Required in larger quantities (% of diet) Ca, P, K, Na, Cl, S and Mg 2) Trace (micro) minerals Required in smaller amounts (ppm or mg/kg of diet) Fe, I, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Se, Mo
Macro Minerals Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Chloride (Cl) Sulfur (S)
Minerals in the Diet Bioavailability: Minerals exist or supplemented in 2 forms: a) Inorganic form (ex: Zinc sulfate) b) Organic form (ex: Zinc methionine) Inorganic minerals may have absorption Complex with other parts of diet Organic minerals may have absorption Chelated mineral + organic substance (AA, peptide, sugar )
Trace Minerals Copper Iron Selenium Zinc Manganese Molybdenum Iodine Cobalt
Mineral Interactions Minerals can interact with each other and or absorption
Role of Vitamins in Metabolism
Adopted from Du et al., 2010
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 SUBSTITUTION VS SUPPLEMENT 0 Forage Only Substitution Supplementation (NAE) Forage Supplement Supplementation (PAE)
Negative Associative Effect LOW QUALITY FORAGE High Starch Minimal Protein Bugs ration not balanced Low Ruminal ph Death of fiber digesting bacteria Reduced intake and increased digestive upsets
Supplements High energy, low protein cereal grain based suppl. Potential for acidosis and decreased forage digestibility (at high levels of feeding - NEGATIVE ASSOCIATIVE EFFECTS) Crude Fiber levels are < 5% on As-Is basis
Supplements High energy, low protein digestible fiber supplements Based on Wheat Midds, Soy Hulls, etc. ELIMINATES Negative Associative Effects (seen with cereal grain suppl.) Crude Fiber > 6% on As-Is basis
SUPPLEMENTING GRAZING ENERGY is the FIRST limiting nutrient when: Animals are THIN Forage availability (quantity) is limited Producer s could see: Decreased BCS Decreased estrus Increased sickness Lower conception rates Reduced milk production Lower weaning weights
SUPPLEMENTING GRAZING If FORAGE AVAILABILITY is a problem Overgrazing (overstocked) Drought has occurred SUBSTITUTE energy usually harvested forages Grass hays Legume hays Silages/haylages Hulls Cubes Tubs Any other deficiencies: low protein, high energy, mineral supplements
SUPPLEMENTING GRAZING If FORAGE AVAILABILITY is a adequate, but animals are thin Energy is supplied by the free standing forage Consider SUPPLEMENTING with low protein, high energy, mineral supplements If animals are in GOOD BCS, energy needs are met PROTEIN becomes next limiting nutrient Once protein needs are met, then minerals/vitamins are next
Positive Associative Effect LOW QUALITY FORAGE Adds N to rumen to meet microbes needs! Microbes grow and multiply! More microbes to digest forage PROTEIN SUPPL. (DIP) Increased Digestion Increased INTAKE! Increased Passage
Influence Of Availa 4 a Supplementation On Calf Weaning Weight INL b INH c Availa-4 a Availa-4: Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and COPRO cobalt glucoheptonate contained same levels as INH b INL: Low level inorganic contained 2160 ppm Zn, 1225 ppm Mn, 501 ppm Cu and 11 ppm Co c INH: High level inorganic contained 3113 ppm Zn, 1764 ppm Mn, 1086 ppm Cu and 11 ppm Co yz Bars lacking a common superscript letter differ, P < 0.05 Stanton et al., 2000. Prof. Anim. Sci. 16:121
Final Weights Of Calves Fed Availa 4 During A 42-Day Backgrounding Period $10.67/hd Increased Return c Medicine Costs: $5.18/hd Inorganic a Availa-4 b a Zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate, copper sulfate and cobalt carbonate provided iso-levels to Availa-4 b Availa-4: Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and COPRO cobalt glucoheptonate; 7 g/hd daily provided 360 mg Zn, 200 mg Mn, 125 mg Cu and 12.5 mg Co c Increased Return: Increased weight valued at $1.08/lb (Cattle Fax Feeder Prices, AR, May 8, 2009) minus the medicine costs and minus $1.05 cost of Availa-4 (42 d x.025) to the Availa-4 group only yz Bars lacking a common superscript letter differ, P = 0.04 * 288 male calves, average wt. 527 lb.
Impact Of Availa 4 a On Receiving Period Medicine Costs b Added Production Cost of Cattle: $8.75/hd Added Production Cost of Cattle + Availa-4: $3.15/hd Control cd Availa-4 e a Availa-4: Availa Zn zinc amino acid complex, Availa Mn manganese amino acid complex, Availa Cu copper amino acid complex and COPRO cobalt glucoheptonate b Cattle treated 1 to 4 times; Actual medicine cost does not account for labor c Feeding rate per head daily: 705 mg Zn from zinc sulfate, 496 mg Mn from manganese sulfate, 205 mg Cu from copper sulfate, 2 mg Co from cobalt carbonate, 4.7 mg I from calcium iodate and 2.2 mg Se from sodium selenite d Additional treatments were included in this study; However, not all data was made available to Zinpro Corporation e Availa-4 replaced 360 mg Zn, 200 mg Mn, 125 mg Cu and 2 mg Co from inorganic sources and provided an additional 10 mg Co
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What are Essential Oils? Essential oils are volatile compounds extracted from specific plants or plant parts. Antimicrobial Antiviral Anti-inflammatory 34
Furst Force Calf Field Trials 25 Locations and 9 States Fewer Scours Responded better to treatment Decreased Crypto Deaths Greater than 90% stated that they would utilize in the future 36
Furst Force Receiver Field Trials 300 Head High Risk Cattle Death Loss Decreased 3.5% Treated Cattle there were no Deads and chronics 380 Head High Risk Cattle Death Loss Decreased 3.8% Cattle Responded to treatment Fewer Pulls 380 Head High Risk Cattle No difference in Deads but cattle back up on feed quicker 700 Head High Risk Cattle (Fly Weights) Death Loss Decreased 3.1% Less Chronics Believes in working on Mycoplasma 1,200 Head Still analyzing the data but feels less chronics 37
Polyclonal Antibody Research Heifers had a greater total concentration of VFA and higher ph by d 6. (Blanch et al., 2009) Streptococcus bovis and Fusobacterium necrophorum counts were reduced by a single dose. Additionally, ruminal ph was elevated. (DiLorenzo et al., 2006) When feeding Streptococcus bovis and Fusobacterium necrophorum antibodies for 19 d, ruminal ph was elevated, Streptococcus bovis and Fusobacterium necrophorum counts were decreased by 98%, decreased liver abscesses, and G:F was improved; however, dressing percentage was decreased. (DiLorenzo et al., 2008) Similar growth performance and carcass characteristics compared to animals fed Rumensin except for dressing percentage. Strong tendency (P=0.07) for polyclonal treated animals to have fewer rumen lesions. (Pacheco et al., 2012) 38
Take A Ways Calf Less Scours More vigorous nursing Respond to treatment better if necessary Receiver Fewer Deads Less pulls Respond to treatment better Higher Ruminal ph Fewer liver abscesses 39
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THANK YOU! Questions? Contact Information: Brush Mitchell 815-238-4083 brush.mitchell@mcness.com 42