Endocrine System
Hormones by location Pineal Gland: Melatonin Feeling of sleepiness Hypothalamus: Hormones that stimulate or inhibit pituitary Temp., hunger, parenting attachment, thirst
Pituitary Gland: Hormones by location Prolactin: milk ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone): stimulate adrenal glands GH (growth hormone): body growth TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone):stimulates thyroid
Pituitary Gland: Hormones by location FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing hormone): regulates hormone production in testes and ovaries ADH (Antidiuretic hormone): tells kidneys to reabsorb water
Hormones by location Parathyroid Gland: Parathyroid hormone Controls calcium in our blood and bones Thyroid Gland: T3, T4 Thymus Gland: Thymosins Antibody development in childhood
Hormones by location Adrenal Gland: corticosteroids, epinephrine, Stress response Pancreas: Insulin Blood sugar control
Hormones by location Ovaries: Estrogen and Progesterone Female characteristics, reproduction Testes: Testosterone Male characteristics, reproduction
Endocrine System Disorders Hyposecretion: under production Treated with drug therapy Hypersecretion: over production Treated with surgery Common cause: genetic defect
Cretinism Hypothyroidism in infants Mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temperatures, abnormal bone formation
Myxedema Hypothyroidism in adults Edema, low blood levels, weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, muscle or joint pain, sluggishness
Hyperthyroidism Graves Disease Elevated metabolic rate, abnormal wt loss, excessive perspiration, weakness and emotional instability exopthalmos- protruding eyes Goiter- enlarged goiter
Graves Disease
Addison Disease Deficiency of cortisol (adrenal glands) Muscle weakness, anorexia, gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue, hypoglycemia, hypotension, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia
Cushing Syndrome Excessive amounts of cortisol and ACTH in the blood (adrenal glands) Wt gain, moon-shaped face, exaggerated head and trunk, thin arms and legs Hirsutism: excessive hair growth in unusual places
Cushing Syndrome
Type I Diabetes Diagnosed children and young adults Body does not produce sufficient insulin Treatment includes injection of insulin
Type 2 Diabetes Onset later in life Risk factors: family hx, diabetes and obesity Body is deficient in producing sufficient insulin Body is resistant to insulin action in target cells
Type 2 Diabetes Hyperglycemia: cell starvation, damage kidneys, eyes, nerves or heart Tx: exercise, diet, wt loss, medication
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Caused: too little insulin, failure to follow a prescribed diet, physical or emotional stress or undiagnosed diabetes
Gestational Diabetes Diabetes develops during pregnancy Inability to metabolize carbohydrates Resolves after childbirth Increase risk for developing Type 2 Diabetes
Acromegaly Chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a gradual, marked enlargement and thickening of the bones and the face and jaw Pituitary: hypersecretion of growth hormone
Diuresis Increased formation and secretion of urine
Glucosuria Presence of glucose in the urine or abnormal amount of sugar in the urine
Hyper s & Hypo s Hypercalcemia Hyperkalemia Hypervolemia Hyponatremia
Thyroid Storm Crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of increased amount of thyroid hormone
Virile Masculine or having characteristics of a man
Virilism Masculinization in a woman or development of male secondary sex characteristics in the women
Exopthalmometry Test that measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball
Fasting Blood Glucose Test that measures blood glucose levels after a 12-hour fast
Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) Test that measures the body s ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a standard dose of glucose and measuring glucose levels in the blood and urine at regular intervals
Insulin Tolerance Test Test that determines insulin levels in serum by administering insulin and measuring blood glucose levels in blood at regular intervals
Thyroid Function Test (TFT) Test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function
Thyroid Scan After injection of a radioactive substance, a scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland
Microneurosurgery of the pituitary gland Microdissection of a tumor using a binocular surgical microscope for magnification
Parathyroidectomy Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism
Thymectomy Excision of the thymus gland
Thyroidectomy Excision of the thyroid gland Partial- method of choice for removing a fibrous nodular thyroid Subtotal- removal of most of the thyroid to relieve hyperthyroidism