TRADITIONAL USES, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF DARCHINI: AN UPDATED REVIEW Abdul Aleem 1, Hifzul Kabir 2* 1 PG Scholar, 2, Assistant Professor, 1,2 Department of Ilmul Advia, 1,2 School of Unani Medical Education and Research; Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi. India. ABSTRACT - Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is commonly used as a spice or condiment in India and widely found in Indonesia and Malaya region. It belongs to the Lauraceae family. Cinnamon is one of the most important spices used daily by people throughout the world. Cinnamon mainly contains vital oils and other derivatives, such as cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, and cinnamate. In addition to being an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, cholesterol-lowering, and cardiovascular-disease-lowering compound, cinnamon has also been reported to work against Parkinson s disease and Alzheimer s disease and other nervous system problems. This review demonstrate the pharmacological prospective of cinnamon and its use in daily life. The volatile oil is taken out from different part of this plant like root bark, leaf and bark that has different important chemical composition e.g. camphor (in the root bark oil), eugenol (in the leaf oil), and cinnamaldehyde (in the bark oil). Various studies based on techniques such as gasliquid infrared spectrometry and chromatography have shows that the three oils possess the same array of monoterpene hydrocarbons in various proportions. Key words: Unani medicine, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Traditional medicine. * Address for correspondence Hifzul Kabir Assistant Professor Department of Ilmul Advia School of Unani Medical Education and Research Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi Email Address abdul8950@gmail.com Phone no- 9990560765 Page No: 709
I. INTRODUCTION From ancient times, medicinal plants have been traditionally used as a natural medications [34]. Herbal drugs have made huge contributions to human health and well being [37]. Around 80% of world population relay on traditional medicine for their primary health care and play an important role in health care system of remaining 20% of inhibition. Now days the peoples are suffering with so many diseases. Need of fast and correct diagnosis, prevention of diseases, less expensive treatment with minimum side effect, permanent solution and avoiding unnecessary surgeries is the needs of the present society [35]. A large number of herbal plants are used for therapeutic purposes in traditional Indian systems of medicine (such as Unani, ayurveda and sidha); one of them is cinnamomum zeylanicum. Beside the medicinal actions, due to its fragrance, it is widely used in the aroma and essence industries which can be incorporated into varieties of foodstuffs, perfumes, cosmetics and performing religious rituals. The word cinnamon originated from the Greak lexicon Kinnamomom. belongs to lauraceae family and has around 250 species, which are widely found in Indonesia and Malaya region and some species found all over the world. On the basis of its colour, taste, odour and distribution, it has several types. Among it the best type is that which is pungent in odour, aromatic and sweet in taste, reddish in colour. According to Discoridos (circa 1 century AD) the best type is black, brownish or red in colour. Taste is sweet, salty and slightly irritates tongue when chewed. It is obtained from the inner bark of several trees of the genus Cinnamomum. Different parts of this plant (bark,root and leaves) are used as a medicine. Because of its distinct odour, it is widely used as a valuable ingredient of many mouth watering dishes of the world [33]. Cinnamon has been reported to have remarkable pharmacological effect as antimicrobial, acaricidal, antioxidant, antityrosinase and antimutagenic activities. Some other evidences suggest that cinnamon may be effective in the treatment of cancer [20]. Cinnamon has also been reported to work against Parkinson s disease and Alzheimer s disease [51]. Beside this, it is widely used in traditional systems of medicine; especially in Unani medicine. It is known as darchini in Unani system of medicine. The classical literatures of Unani medicine give detailed description of cinnamon like mahiyat (characteristics), Mizaj (temperament), aqsaam (varieties), istemal (therapeutic uses) etc. In Unani system of medicine darchini can be used singly (mufrad) can also used in compound formulation with other ingredients/drugs to increase therapeutic effect or to obtained desire effects [38]. Page No: 710
Fig:- Images of cinnamomum zeylanicum. II. TYPES OF CINNAMON [36] True cinnamon or Maxican cinnamon or Ceylon cinnamon (cinnamomum zeylanicum). Chinese cinnamon or Cassia cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum). Indonesian cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni). Vietnamese cinnamon (Cinnamomum loureiroi). Page No: 711
III. VERNACULAR NAMES [2,8,12,22,24,25] Arabic Urdu English Persian Hindi Qirfa, Darsini Darchini Cinnamon Bark, Chinese cassia, Cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon Darchini Qalmi Dalchini; Darchini, Dalchini,Tavaka Marathi Punjabi Gujrati Tamil Telegu Assamese Kannada Kashmiri Dala- chini, Darachini Darrchini Dalchini, Taj Lavangap-patti; Karuva patti Sanna lavangapatta Dalcheni, Dalchini Dalchini chakke Dalchini Dalchin Malayalam Oriya Karuvapatta, Ilavarngathely, Ethunai lavangam Dalochini, Gudotwako, Daruchini Romi Qetarsensan Sanskrit Darusita, Tvaka Siryani Marsloon Page No: 712
IV. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION [39] Kingdom Plantae Phylum Mangoliphyta Class Mangoliopsida Order Laurale Family Genus Lauraceae Cinnamomum Species Zeylanicum V. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT Darchini (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) belongs to the family Lauraceae. It grows in Asia, Australia and Pacific Islands. It is also found in Burma, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and cultivated in Malay Islands and elsewhere in the tropics [8]. MACROSCOPIC VI. ETHANOBOTANICAL DESCRIPTION It is evergreen tree of moderate size. Bark of tree is thick, smooth and pale; twigs often compressed. The young parts are glabrous except buds. Buds are finely silky. The leaves of Cinnamomum zeylanicum are opposite, hard and coriaceous; 4-6 inches long, oblong, ovate, bluntly acuminate at the apex, shining, bright green above and glaucous beneath, with 3-5 nerves from the base but only the midrib reaching apex. Inflorescence numerous, usually longer than the leaves, panicled, much branched, often clustered, glabrous; pedicels long. Perianth deeply divided, 5-6 mm long; divided into equal lobes. Fruit is 1.3 to 1.7 cm. long, dry or may be slightly fleshy, dark purple in color and surrounded by enlarged campanulate perianth [8, 10]. Page No: 713
The bark is used for medicinal purpose, the color dull pale brown and about 0.5 mm. thick. The outer surface is marked with longitudinal lines that are glossy, paler and undulating. Different vessels, holes and scars are here and there, the inner surface darker, lined with longitudinally elongated reticulation. The fracture is splintery. The odor is aromatic and fragrant. Taste is sweet with a warm sensation [3,12]. MICROSCOPIC If we do transverse section of the bark it illustrates that outermost part is cork which consists of various layers of oval to polygonal parenchymatous shape cells. The cortical region has different layers containing starch grains, small array of pericyclic fibers placed at intervals in the sclerenchyma. Stelar part contains phloem of tangential bands of sieve tissue alternating with parenchyma, and containing axially elongated secreting cells which contains volatile oil or mucilage; some contains starch grains; phloem fibers with very thick walls, up to 30m in diameter, isolated or in short tangential rows; sieve tubes narrow with transverse sieve plates; medullary rays of isodiametric cells, cortical parenchyma and medullary rays contains small starch grains, few crystals of calcium oxalate present [8,10]. VII. MIZAJ (TEMPERAMENT) Hot 2 º Dry 2 º [2,4,13,28,30] Hot 3 º Dry 3 º [1] VIII. AFA AL (ACTIONS) Hazim (Digestive) [13] Kasir-e-Riyah (Carminative) [2,29,12,24,25,23,26,30] Munaffis-e-Balgham (Expectorant) [12,13,14,24,25,32] Muqawwi-e-Dandan (Tonic for teeth) [17] Muqawwie-Meda (Stomachic) [12,14,13,24,29,31,32] Muqawwi-e-aza-eraesa (Tonic for principal Organs) [13,29] Muqawwi-e-dil wa dimagh (Tonic for heart and brain) [13,29,31] Muqawwi-e-Kabid (Liver tonic) [12,14,29, 31] Muqawwi-e-Asab (Nervine tonic) [13,24] Muqawwi-e-Bah (Aphrodisiac) [13,30,32] Mufarreh (Exhilarant) [14,13,29,31,32] Mufatteh (Deobstruent) [13,29,30,31] Mudirr-e-Baul (Diuretic) [12,14,2,13,23,29,31] Moharrik-e-Bah (Sex stimulant) [12,14] Mohallil (Anti-inflammatory) [13,31] Mudirr-e-Haiz (Emmenagogue) [12,14,2,13,29,31,32] Musakkin (Sedative) [30] Page No: 714
Mujaffif (Desiccant) [30] Musakkin-e-Alam (Analgesic) [14,24] Musakkhin (Calorific) [2,24] Muskit-e-Janeen (Abortifacient) [29,31] Daf-e-Taffun (Antiseptic) [14,2,29,31,32] Dafe Tap (Antipyretic) [2,13,24] Muharrik (Stimulant) [14,25,23,32] Mulayyan (Laxative) [12,24] Mulattif (Demulcent) [30,32] Munzij (Coctive, Concoctive) [2] Musaffi (Blood purifier) [13] Qabiz (Astringent) [12,14,13,25,25,23,26,32] Tiryaq-e-Samoom (Antidote) [29,31] Jazib (Absorbefacient) [14,32] Zali (Detergent) [14,32] Mukhaddir (Anaesthetic) [24] Katil-e-Jarasim (Antibacterial) [24,27] Daf-e- Ishal (Antidiarrhoeal) [24] Daf-e-Ziabetus (Antidiabetic leaf) [26] Daf-e-Qai (Antiemetic) [23] Daf-e-Tashannuj (Antispasmodic) [26] Daf-e-Ufoonat (Antiseptic) [26] Mundamil-e-Kurooh (Antiulcer) [24] Antiviral [24] Aromatic [24,25,23] Deodorant [23] Moarriq (Diaphoretic) [24] Mumallis (Emollient) [24] Fungicide [24] Hypotensive [24] Insecticide [24] Larvicide [24] Myorelaxant [24] Muqawwi-e-Raham (Uterotonic) [24] IX. Istemalat (Uses) Ikhtelaj-e-Qalb (Palpitation) [6,12] Warm-e-jigar (Hepatitis) [6,12] Nafkh-e-Shikam (flatulance) [6,12] Ehtabas baul (retention of urine) [6,12] Ra asha (tremors) [6,12] Tiryaq (antidote) [6,12] Page No: 715
Ground cinnamon is used in dysentery and diarrhea, for cramps of the stomach, gastric discomfort, for checking nausea and vomiting. It is also used in toothache, neuralgia and rheumatism externally. The bark is also used in several medicinal preparations for indigestion, flatulence, mouthwashes, and herbal teas [4,9]. X. Muzir (Adverse effects) For Bladder, Headache [4, 14]. XI. Musleh (Corroctives) Asarum europium (Asaroon), Pistacia lentiscus (Mastagi) [6]. Sterculia urenus (Kateera) [50]. XII. Badal (Substitute) Cinnamomum cassia (Taj) [2,50] Piper cubeba (Kabab Chini) [50] XIII. Miqdar-e-khurak (Dosage) 1-2 gm [4,6,12,14,32] Powder- 7-10 gms [13] Rooh- 2-5 drops [13] XIV. Compound Formulations Arq-e-Hazim [42] Arq-e-Chob Chini [40,41] Arq Ma ullaham Khaas [26,40] Dawa-ul-Misk Motadil Sada [48] Dawa-ul-Misk Motadil Jawahar Wali [49,40,43] Habb-e-Shahm-e-Hanzal [46] Halwa-e-Mugawwi-e-Basar [46] Halwa-e-Salab [49,40,46] Halwa-e-chobchini [40] Page No: 716
Habb-e-Afyun [44] Habb-e-Chobchini [45] Habb-e-Irqun Nisa [42] Habb-e-Munaish [47] Habb-e-Nazla [49,43] Itrifal-e-Muqawwi-e-Basar [46] Jawarish Kundur [47] Jawarish Jalinoos [49,40,41,48] Jawarish-e-Kamooni Kabir [49,40,46] Jawarish-e-Muqawwi-e-Meda [45,49] Jawarish Ood Shirin [40,41,43,47,48,49] Jawarish Ood Tursh [40,41,47,48,49] Jawarish-e-Podina [47,48] Jawarish Bisbasha [47,48,49] Jawarish Darchini [41,46] Jawarish-e-Darchini Qawi [46] Jawarish Safar Jali Mushil [43,46,49] Jawarish Shaharyaran [47,48] Jawarish Zarooni Sada [47,48] Majun Dabid-ul-Ward [40,43,49] Majoon Ispand Sokhtani [47,49] Majun Jalinus Luluvi [49,40,43,47] Majoon Ushba [49,40,47] Majun Arad Khurma [49,43] Majoon Boolis [40,46] Majun Azaraqi [49,40,43] Majun Barhami [49,43] Majun Pumba Dana [42] Mufarreh Yaqooti Motadil [49,43] Namak Sulemani [42] Laboob Kabeer Khaas [42] Halwa Gheekwar [43,49] Labub-e-Muqawwi-e-Bah [45] Laooq-e-Zeekunnafs Balghami [45] Qurs Pudina [43,49] Roghan-e-Darchini [47,49] Roghan Surkh [40,43,48,49] Safoof Darchini wala [40] Sharbat Nankhwah [43,49] Sharbat Salajeet [43,49] Tiryaq-e-Samania [40,41,47,48,49] Tila-e-Darchini wala [40] Page No: 717
XV. Phytochemistry The main constituent of Cinnamomum zeylenicum is Cinnamaldehyde (74%). It is obtained from essential oil of the bark. Eugenol (28-98%) is the major constituent of leaf oil. Root bark oil contains camphor [7]. The bark contains tannins (6.5%), consisting of diterpene [11]. The presence of more quantity of essential oils, such as trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, L- borneol, cinnamyl acetate, caryophyllene oxide, b-caryophyllene, L-bornyl acetate, E- nerolidol, -cubebene, -terpineol, terpinolene, and -thujene, has been reported [9]. Nescinnzeylanin, tetrahydroxyflavandiols; and cinnzeylanol also present [7]. XVI. Pharmacological Studies Antioxidant activity [9,52] Anti-inflammatory activity [7,16] Anti diabetic [11,15] Anti microbial activity [9] Anticancer activity [9,24,25] Antiulcer [15] Antibacterial [ 24,26,27] Antihypertensive [17] Anti-infertility [18] Analgesic and healing effect [19] Hepatoprotective [20] Insecticidal activity [21] XVII. CONCLUSION Darchini has been used as a condiment in daily life all over the world without any side effects. It is very popular and also used as home remedies for cold, cough and for weight loss. Researchers have carried out scientific studies on Darchini as a drug. Through these scientific evaluations several biochemical components were identified such as Cinnamic acid, Euginol, Cinnamaldehyde and also obtained some essential oils from this. These properties play an important role in the advancement of human health. Apart from that, several Unani pharmacological studies have also been done for further validation. This validation testifies the therapeutic effectiveness of this drug. It possess antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, analgesic, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic effects. From the above analysis it can be substantiated that in Unani medicine Darchini is an important drug. Apart from these experimental studies, more thorough clinical research is necessitated to explore the full therapeutic potential of this drug in order to establish it as standard drug. Page No: 718
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