Chapter 4 ENERGY!!!
Energy storing Compounds Adenosine Triphosphate ATP. Energy is stored in between the phosphate bonds. AMP- little energy, ADP some energy, ATP the most energy ATP is used by all living things. It is the Universal Energy Compound
Energy storing Compounds Electron carrier molecules can also be used to hold energy. NAD+ -> NADH NADP+ -> NADPH FAD+ -> FADH ETC
Photosynthesis Is divided into two parts. The light reaction and the light independent (dark) reaction. The light reaction captures the energy and then puts it into unstable bonds Dark reaction puts the energy into stable sugars (glucose) Happens in Chloroplast
Light Reaction 1) Light absorption by chlorophyll. Energy is passed down an electron transport chain to NAD+ - makes NADH 2) Electrons must be replenished. Plant splits water Oxygen is released as waste.
Light reaction has made ATP, NADH and Oxygen
Light Independent/ Dark Reaction Also called Calvin Cycle because Melvin Calvin of Berkley studied it. Must occur 2 times for each molecule of glucose
Diagram of Calvin cycle
Summary of Dark Reaction Uses Carbon Dioxide, NADH, and ATP to produces two PGALs Which are then converted to one molecule of glucose. This can be stored for years if in an environment where nothing will consume it and break it down.
EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS WATER OXYGEN 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O +ENERGY C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 CARBON DIOXIDE GLUCOSE
Glycolysis Glucose Breaking Happens in Cytoplasm
First part of Glycolysis Energy investment phase- 2ATP are needed to get glycolysis started (Kick in the BUTT)
Second half of glycolysis Energy releasing phase Multiply this by 2 because there were two PGALs at the end of the first half
Summary of Glycolysis Glucose and two ATP are used to make 2PGALs. Then 2 Pyruvic acid molecules, 2 NADH and 4 ATP are produced but two were used to get it started Pyruvic acid can now go to either Respiration or Fermentation. Is Oxygen Available??
Respiration Happens in the Mitochondria First half is called the Krebs cycle because Hans Krebs studied it. (citric acid cycle) During the Krebs cycle many energy compounds are made. Then during the second part they are all changed to ATP
Krebs Cycle
Respiration Second half High energy electrons from NADH, FADH2, and GTP are accepted by Oxygen to make H2O. Without Oxygen the whole thing stops
Respiration Every pair of electrons makes 3 ATP. The combination of Glycolysis and Respiration makes 36 ATP from one molecule of glucose
EQUATION FOR RESPIRATION GLUCOSE CARBON DIOXIDE ATP C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ENERGY OXYGEN WATER
Fermentation What if there is no Oxygen to accept the electrons at the end of respiration? Fermentation is anaerobic. It allows cells to continue making energy without oxygen but it has a price!
Fermentation There are two types of fermentation Both produce only 2 ATP from a molecule of glucose and also produce a poison!
Lactic Acid Fermentation Done by animals (including humans) Pyruvic Acid + NADH Lactic Acid + NAD+ Lactic Acid is what you feel when you do rapid exercise and your muscles feel the burn
Alcoholic Fermentation Occurs in yeast and other microorganisms Pyruvic acid + NADH Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ Used by Brewers and Bakers to produce wine, beer, bread etc.