Contents SECTION 1: Pediatric Ocular Development and Preliminary Considerations 1. Embryology and Development of the Eye... 3 2. Pediatric Visual Electrophysiology Tests... 19 Preetam Samant, Kirit Mody (India) 3. Ocular Genetics in Pediatric Ophthalmology... 33 Eric R Crouch (USA) 4. Pediatric Eye Examination... 50 Arif Adenwala, (UAE), Mahesh Dalvi (India) 5. Pediatric Vision Screening: Guidelines and Techniques.... 57 Eric R Crouch, Earl Crouch (USA) 6. Visual Acuity Assessment in children.... 64 Saurabh Patwardhan, Harinder Singh Sethi (India) 7. Refraction and Refractive Errors in Children.... 70 Arif Adenwala (UAE), Mahesh Dalvi (India) 8. Theoretical Predictor and Mechanisms of Pediatric Myopia.... 76 JT Lin (USA) 9. Emmetropization Theory of Human Eyes: From Neonatal to Age 15.... 85 JT Lin (USA) 10. Learning Disabilities and Vision.... 99 Cintia F Gomi, David B Granet (USA) 11. Neonatal Eye Structure and Function in Comparison to Adults.... 106 SPS Grewal, Gagandeep Singh Brar (India) SECTION 2: Pediatric Lens Diseases 12. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Infantile Cataracts.... 113 Nicola Freeman, David Meyer (South Africa) 13. Primary Intraocular Lens Implantation in Infantile Cataract Surgery.... 124 14. Secondary Intraocular Lens Implantation in Children.... 131 Rupal H Trivedi, M Edward Wilson Jr, Susannah Mistr (USA) 15. Designs and Types of Intraocular lens for children.... 138 16. Operative Techniques in Pediatric Cataract Surgery.... 144 Marek E Prost (Poland) 17. Management of Pediatric Cataract.... 162 AK Grover, Gauri Nagpal, Shaloo Bageja (India) 18. Microphakonit: Cataract Surgery with a 0.7 mm Tip... 170 Amar Agarwal, Athiya Agarwal, Sunita Agarwal, Ashok Garg (India)
xxii Surgical and Medical Management of Pediatric Ophthalmology 19. Bimanual Microphaco in Children... 177 Jerome Bovet (Switzerland) 20. Phakonit and Microphakonit in Pediatric Cataract Surgery.... 183 L. Felipe Vejarano, Alejandro Tello (Colombia) 21. Posterior Capsulotomy and Vitrectomy Using Bimaual Microphaco before Implantation in Young Children.... 190 Jerome Bovet (Switzerland) 22. Implantation of an Acrylic Lens on a Microincision in Children.... 194 Jerome Bovet (Switzerland) 23. Pearls and tricks in Congenital Cataract Surgery... 199 Simonetta Morselli, Roberto Bellucci (Italy) 24. Age-dependent IOL Power after Pediatric Cataract Surgery... 204 JT Lin (USA) 25. Negative Accommodating IOL for Eyes after Congenital Cataract Surgery.... 210 JT Lin (USA) 26. Intraocular Lens Power Calculation for Children... 214 27. SICS in Pediatric Cataracts... 220 MS Ravindra (India) 28. Features of Refractogenesis and Eyeballs Growth in Children with Cataract of Various Etiology... 227 Ludmilla Zubareva, Anna Ovchinnikova, Boris Malyugin (Russia) 29. Management of Pediatric Cataract and Novel Surgery Procedures... 234 Bojan Pajic, Jörg Müller (Switzerland) 30. Intraocular Lens Implantation with one Loop Haptic Amputated for Congenital Subluxation Lens Surgical Treatment... 248 Marcelo Ventura, Daniela Endriss (Brazil) 31. Pediatric Aphakia Treatment... 255 Ewa Oleszczyn ~ ska-prost (Poland) 32. Management of Ectopia Lentis... 262 SK Gibran (Ireland) 33. Management of Postoperative Complications after Pediatric Cataract Surgery... 271 SECTION 3: External Eye Diseases (Lid, Orbit and Lacrimal System) 34. Pediatric Eyelid Abnormalities... 285 AK Grover, Shaloo Bageja (India) 35. Congenital Ptosis: Evaluation and Management... 295 AK Grover, Shaloo Bageja (India) 36. Frontalis Muscle Flap Advancement for Correction of Blepharoptosis with Poor Levator Function... 318 Essam El Toukhy, Ibrahim Mosad, Lobna Khazbak (Egypt) 37. Anatomy of the Lacrimal Apparatus... 323 HV Nema, VP Singh, Nitin Nema (India) 38. Pediatric Epiphora... 327 AK Grover, Shaloo Bageja, Malvika Bansal (India) 39. Lacrimal Gland Tumors... 335 Nick Mammalis, Terrence S Spencer (USA)
Contents xxiii 40. Dacryocystitis... 343 Grant Gilliland (USA) 41. Endoscopic Conjunctivo-dacryocystorhinostomy... 351 Stefano Cavazza (Italy) 42. Orbital Lesions and Tumors... 355 Swati Ravani, DG Vijay, Nitin Trivedi (India) 43. Preseptal Cellulitis... 380 Arif Adenwala (UAE), Mahesh Dalvi (India) 44. Orbital Fractures... 384 Grant Gilliland (USA) 45. Orbitotomies... 397 MS Boparai (India) SECTION 4: Anterior Segment Diseases 46. Congenital Anomalies of the anterior segment... 409 Hala M Elhilaly, Rania El Essawy, Hoda MH Mostafa (Egypt) 47. Hyphema... 420 Earl R Crouch, Eric Crouch (USA) 48. Ophthalmic Medications in Pediatric Age Group... 427 Rami Pai, Kirit Mody (India) 49. Surgery in Pediatric Age Group... 444 Rami Pai, Kirit Mody (India) 50. Pediatric Corneal Diseases: Current Concepts and Management... 447 Ashok Sharma (India) 51. Pediatric Keratoplasty... 485 Anita Panda, Geeta Behera, Abhiyan Kumar (India) 52. Nonviral Pediatric Keratitis... 496 Anita Panda, Abhiyan Kumar, Shalini Mohan, Rasheena, V Sujith (India) 53. Disorders of the Conjunctiva... 509 Marek E Prost (Poland) 54. Pediatric Conjunctivitis... 534 Arif Adenwala (UAE), Mahesh Dalvi (India) 55. Pediatric Iris Abnormalties... 541 Arif Adenwala (UAE), Mahesh Dalvi (India) 56. Pediatric Dry Eye... 546 John D Sheppard (USA) 57. Pediatric Ocular Allergy... 556 Suzanne C Johnston, John D Sheppard, (USA) 58. Corneal Dystrophies... 567 Shinichiro Endo (Japan) 59. Anterior Segment Tumors... 594 Flavio A Marigo, Paul T Finger (USA)
xxiv Surgical and Medical Management of Pediatric Ophthalmology SECTION 5: Strabismus and Amblyopia 60. Development of the Extraocular Muscles... 615 61. Binocular Vision... 618 Maria T Depena, Eva Moreno, Maria T Iradier, Federico Moreno (Spain) 62. Pediatric Strabismus Examination... 629 63. Signs, Symptoms and Adaptations in Strabismus... 645 64. Sensory Adaptations in Strabismus... 651 Jawahar Lal Goyal, Navjot Kaur (India) 65. Cyclovertical Deviations... 661 SK Narang, Sameer Narang, Priya Narang, Amar Agarwal (India) 66. Nonsurgical Treatment of Squint... 669 67. Ophthalmic Prisms and Orthoptics... 673 Alison Y Firth (UK) 68. Amblyopia: Prevention and Management... 705 Harinder Singh Sethi (India) 69. Esotropia... 712 Kamaljeet Singh, Arpita Agarwal (India) 70. Exotropia... 715 SK Narang, Sameer Narang, Priya Narang (India) 71. Strabismus Surgery... 719 Rohit Saxena, Ankur Sinha (India) 72. Diagnostic Methods in Concomitant Squint... 731 Harinder Singh Sethi, Pradeep Sharma (India) 73. Concomitant Strabismus... 753 Ewa Oleszczynska-Prost (Poland) 74. A and V Patterns in Strabismus... 792 Pradeep Sharma, Harinder Singh Sethi (India) 75. Cranial Nerve Palsies and their Management... 798 Rohit Saxena, Ankur Sinha, Swati Phuljhele (India) 76. Special Forms of Strabismus... 813 Rohit Saxena, Swati Phuljhele, Ankur Sinha (India) 77. Anomalies of Disjunctive Fixation... 822 78. Strategies for Amblyopia: Rehabilitation Orthoptics and Refractive Surgery... 824 Roberto Pinelli, Fabrizio Gabas, Llaria Sireno (Italy) 79. Unique Forms of Strabismus... 831 SK Narang, Sameer Narang, Priya Narang, Amar Agarwal (India) 80. Correction of Strabismus with Botulinum Toxin.... 838 Enrique Chipont, Jorge L Alio (Spain) 81. Refractive Accommodative Esotropia Correction with LASIK... 846 Jairo E Hoyos, Melania Cigales, Jairo E Hoyos Chacón (Spain)
Contents 82. Adjustable Sutures in Pediatric Strabismus Surgery... 851 Cintia F Gomi, David B Granet (USA) 83. Diagnosis and Treatment of Amblyopia... 855 Jorge L Alio, Carlos Laria (Spain) xxv SECTION 6: Neuro-Ophthalmology 84. Visual Pathway... 877 Athiya Aggarwal, 85. The Pupil... 891 Sunita Agarwal, Athiya Agarwal, Amar Agarwal (India) 86. Supranuclear Pathways for Eye Movements... 900 Sunita Agarwal, Athiya Agarwal, 87. Pediatric Neuro-ophthalmology Examination... 908 Hemalini P Samant, Kirit K Mody (India) 88. Laws of Ocular Motility... 913 SK Narang, Sameer Narang, Priya Narang (India) 89. Nystagmus... 915 Sunita Agarwal, Athiya Agarwal,. 90. Lesions of the Oculomotor Nerve... 926 Sunita Agarwal, Amar Agarwal (India) 91. Visual Impairment in Cortical Lesions... 929 Jawahar Lal Goyal, Vishram Sangit (India) 92. Ophthalmic Manifestations of Intracranial Lesions... 934 Jawahar Lal Goyal, Ritika Sachdev (India) 93. Supranuclear Disorders of Eye Movements... 945 Sunita Agarwal, Athiya Agarwal, SECTION 7: Pediatric Glaucoma And Uveitis 94. Congenital Glaucoma (Early Onset Developmental Glaucoma)... 955 Ahmad K Khalil (Egypt) 95. Primary Infantile Glaucoma... 973 Maria Da Luz Freitas (Portugal) 96. Developmental Glaucoma... 986 Tanuj Dada, Tarun Sharma, Shalini Mohan, Monisha Nongpiurm, Chandrashekhar Kumar (India) 97. Managing Aphakic Glaucoma in Children with AGV Valves... 999 Keiki R Mehta, Cyres K Mehta (India) 98. Sclerothalamotomy ab interno (STT ab interno) a Novel Minimal Surgical Procedure for Juvenile Glaucoma... 1006 Bojan Pajic, Grigoris Pallas, Ivan O Haefliger (Switzerland) 99. Glaucoma Implants in the Treatment of Pediatric Glaucoma... 1013 Peter WT de Waard (Netherland) 100. Uveitis in Children and its Management... 1017 Gagandeep Singh Brar, SPS Grewal (India)
xxvi Surgical and Medical Management of Pediatric Ophthalmology SECTION 8: Pediatric Refractive Surgery 101. Pediatric Refractive Surgery... 1027 102. Implantation of Phakic Refractive Lenses (PRL) in Pediatric Myopic Eyes Associated with Scleral Reinforcement Surgery... 1033 Dimitrii Dementiev (Italy) 103. Refractive Surgery in Children: When and How... 1039 Antonio Marinho (Portugal) 104. Pediatric Refractive Surgery... 1043 Gonzalo Bernabeu, Jorge L Alio (Spain) SECTION 9: Pediatric Retinal Diseases 105. Management of Retinopathy of Prematurity... 1053 Rajvardhan Azad, MA Khan (India) 106. Pediatric Retinal Detachment... 1061 Rajvardhan Azad, Bhuvan Chanana (India) 107. Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Disorders... 1069 Ajay Aurora, Neeraj Sanduja (India) 108. Retinoblastoma... 1090 Debraj Shome, Jaydeep Walinjkar, S Natarajan (India) 109. Retinal Vascular Disorders... 1099 S Natarajan, N Borse, A Maiti, A Mahindrakar (India) 110. Juvenile Diabetic Retinopathy... 1120 Rajpal Vohra (India) 111. Retinal Vascular Tumors... 1136 Debraj Shome, Jaydeep Walinjkar, S Natarajan (India) 112. Infective and Inflammatory Disorders of the Retina... 1149 Ajay Aurora, Alay Banker, Vikrant Sharma, Neeraj Sanduja (India) 113. Hereditary Vitreoretinal Degeneration... 1160 Neeraj Sanduja, Ajay Aurora (India) 114. Congenital Optic Disc Anomalies... 1175 SPS Grewal, Rajeev Gupta (India) 115. Optic Nerve Tumors... 1179 Nick Mamalis, Garrett Smith (USA) SECTION 10: Miscellaneous 116. Management of Pediatric Ocular Trauma... 1195 Yograj Sharma, Ritesh Gupta, Rajni Sharma (India) 117. Shaken Baby Syndrome... 1204 Andrew A Moshfeghi, Darius M Moshfeghi, Mathew W Wilson, James C Fleming, Barrett G Haik (USA) 118. Persistent Hyaloid Artery: Surgical Solution and Postoperative Management... 1210 Simonetta Morselli, Roberto Bellucci (Italy)
Contents xxvii 119. Mesenchymal Dysgeneses... 1214 Babak Eliassi-Rad, Dong H Shin (USA) 120. Ocular HIV in the Pediatric Population... 1220 Farhad Ally, David Meyer (South Africa) 121. Ocular Toxoplasmosis... 1225 Masoud Soheilian, M Rezaei Kanavi, MM Sadoughi, A Azimzadeh (Iran) 122. Ocular Complications after Pediatric Organ and Bone Marrow Transplantation... 1238 Yasmin S Bradfield (USA) 123. Thyroid Eye Disease in Children... 1244 Cintia F Gomi, David B Granet (USA) 124. Craniosynostosis... 1246 Sunita Agarwal, Amar Agarwal (India) SECTION 11: Systemic and Inherited Diseases with Pediatric Ocular Involvement 125. Ocular Manifestations of inborn Metabolic Disorders... 1253 Ashok Garg (India) 126. Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Diseases... 1270 Ashok Garg (India) 127. Common Ocular Syndromes... 1279 HV Neema, VP Singh, Nitin Nema (India) 128. Ocular Manifestations of Musculoskeletal Disorders... 1288 Ashok Garg (India) 129. Ocular Manifestations of Granulomatous and Rheumatological Disease... 1297 Revathi Ragunath, George Youngberg, Guha Krishnaswami (USA) 130. Paraneoplastic Ocular Syndromes... 1313 Mohammad Cheema, Rebecca Cody, Koyamangalath Krishnan (USA) SECTION 12: Recent Advances in Pediatric Diseases Management 131. Video-oculography: A New Perspective of Ocular Motility for Strabismology... 1321 Jorge L Alio, Carlos Laria (Spain) 132. Update on Pediatric Cataract Surgery... 1337 Tanuj Dada, Sourabh Patwardhan, Sujith Vengayil, Anand Aggarwal, VK Dada (India) 133. Pediatric Oculoplasty: Evidence-based update... 1352 Sunil Moreker, Milind Kirtane, Mulind Navlakhe, Mayur Moreker (India) 134. Multifocal IOLs in Children: A Long-term Analysis... 1367 Keiki R Mehta, Cyres K Mehta (India) 135. AquaLase Applications for Cataract Removal in Children: The Safest Option... 1376 Keiki R Mehta, Cyres K Mehta (India) 136. Removable Piggyback IOL in Managing Cataract in Infants... 1382 Keiki R Mehta, Cyres, K Mehta (India) 137. Managing Amblyopia with Corneal Wavefront Guided Lasik in Children... 1394 Keiki R Mehta, Cyres K Mehta (India) 138. Update on Strabismus Surgery in Children... 1403 Brigitte Pajic-Eggspuehler (Switzerland)
xxviii Surgical and Medical Management of Pediatric Ophthalmology 139. Recent Advances in the Management of Pediatric Cataracts... 1407 Vandana Jain, S Natarajan (India) 140. Bag-in-the Lens in Babies and Infants... 1416 MJ Tassignon, I De Veuster, D Godts, L Gobin (Belgium) 141. PCO in Childhood Prevention and Management... 1421 Frederic Hehn (France) 142. Current Concepts in Pediatric Corneal Transplant Surgery... 1428 Ashok Sharma (India) 143. Role of Stem Cell in Pediatric Ophthalmology... 1439 Rajpal Vohra (India) Index... 1455