Global Perspective Inventory (GPI) - Pilot 2010-11 Report Introduction The Global Perspectives Inventory is a nationally recognized instrument designed to measure a student s global perspective. The GPI asks questions related to student cognitive, intrapersonal and interpersonal development. The GPI is a survey of 64 items including a few biographical items. It has been specifically designed to provide a self-report of a person's perspectives in three dimensions of global learning and development--cognitive, intrapersonal, and interpersonal. Respondents record their views on the community and also report the level of involvement in twelve curricular and co-curricular activities. All freshmen and seniors (College Station, Galveston, and Qatar campuses) were emailed an invitation to complete the GPI, 10,000 freshmen (U1) and 12,500 seniors (U4). Additionally, 2,300 study abroad participants from the previous academic year were invited to complete the GPI. GPI Scales Knowing Degree of complexity of one s view the importance of cultural context in judging what is important to know and value. Knowledge Degree of understanding and awareness of various cultures and their impact on our global society and level of proficiency in more than one language. Intrapersonal Identity Level of awareness of one s unique identity and degree of acceptance of one s ethnic, racial, and gender dimensions of one s identity. Intrapersonal Affect Level of respect for and acceptance of cultural perspectives different from one s own and degree of emotional confidence when living in complex situations, which reflects an emotional intelligence that is important in one s processing encounters with other cultures. Social Responsibility Level of interdependence and social concern for others. Social Interaction Degree of engagement with others who are different from oneself and degree of cultural sensitivity in living in pluralistic settings. Well-being Level of commitment to making difference in this world, working for the concerns of others, and having a purpose in life. Global Citizenship Level of understanding about cultural differences, identity as one who can interact with others from different cultures, and a self confidence in making a difference in this world. 1
Findings This section provides the presentation of the findings for the study. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a significant difference in the scores from the 8 GPI scales based on classification (freshmen/seniors) and participation in study abroad. Once descriptive statistics were determined, analysis of variance was conducted to compare the means scores of the three groups. ANOVA was used to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference in global competence based on classification. Post hoc (Tukey) tests were conducted to further analyze the nature of statistically significant findings. These tests specify between which classification(s) the statistically significant finding(s) lie. Sample and Demographics 429 freshmen completed the GPI: 179 males and 227 females. 611 seniors completed the GPI: 215 males, 369 females and 2 other. 214 study abroad participants completed the GPI: 64 males, 150 females, 5 freshmen, 22 sophomores, 38 juniors, 123 seniors and 21 graduate students. Results The results in Table 1 reveal the descriptive statistics for each GPI scale by classification (freshmen, seniors, study abroad participants). Mean scores for each GPI scale operate on a 5- point Likert-type scale. Table 1 Descriptive Statistics by Classification 2
95% Confidence Interval for Mean N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Min Max Knowing Freshmen 429 3.5250.43730.02111 3.4835 3.5665 2.33 4.67 Seniors 611 3.6294.44412.01797 3.5941 3.6646 2.44 5.00 Study Abroad 214 3.7637.40109.02742 3.7097 3.8178 2.56 4.78 Total 1254 3.6166.44197.01248 3.5921 3.6411 2.33 5.00 Freshmen 429 3.5939.63132.03048 3.5340 3.6538 1.20 5.00 Knowledge Upperclassmen 611 3.6782.63098.02553 3.6281 3.7284 1.60 5.00 Study Abroad 214 3.7355.61663.04215 3.6524 3.8186 1.80 5.00 Total 1254 3.6592.63026.01780 3.6243 3.6941 1.20 5.00 Intrapersonal Freshmen 429 4.1100.53671.02591 4.0591 4.1610 1.60 5.00 Identity Seniors 611 4.2511.47881.01937 4.2130 4.2891 2.60 5.00 Study Abroad 214 4.2542.48378.03307 4.1890 4.3194 2.00 5.00 Total 1254 4.2033.50430.01424 4.1754 4.2313 1.60 5.00 Intrapersonal Freshmen 429 3.6374.48595.02346 3.5913 3.6836 1.89 4.78 Affect Seniors 611 3.7660.48837.01976 3.7272 3.8048 1.78 5.00 Study Abroad 214 3.8978.41496.02837 3.8418 3.9537 2.67 4.78 Total 1254 3.7445.48395.01367 3.7177 3.7713 1.78 5.00 Interpersonal Freshmen 429 3.7616.55025.02657 3.7093 3.8138 1.67 5.00 Social Seniors 611 3.7853.56566.02288 3.7403 3.8302 1.83 5.00 Responsib. Study Abroad 214 3.8619.54243.03708 3.7888 3.9350 2.17 5.00 Total 1254 3.7902.55712.01573 3.7594 3.8211 1.67 5.00 Interpersonal Freshmen 429 3.4887.55268.02668 3.4363 3.5412 1.00 4.83 Social Seniors 611 3.5409.55066.02228 3.4971 3.5846 1.67 5.00 Interaction Study Abroad 214 3.7641.45997.03144 3.7021 3.8260 2.50 4.83 Total 1254 3.5611.54493.01539 3.5309 3.5913 1.00 5.00 Well-Being Freshmen 429 3.7380.50402.02433 3.6901 3.7858 1.86 5.00 Seniors 611 3.8390.48004.01942 3.8008 3.8771 2.43 5.00 Study Abroad 214 3.8972.47341.03236 3.8334 3.9610 2.29 5.00 Total 1254 3.8144.49043.01385 3.7872 3.8415 1.86 5.00 Global Citizenship Freshmen 429 3.5352.53968.02606 3.4840 3.5864 1.70 5.00 Seniors 611 3.6936.54916.02222 3.6500 3.7372 2.10 5.00 Study Abroad 214 3.8687.46512.03180 3.8060 3.9314 2.40 5.00 Total 1254 3.6693.54435.01537 3.6391 3.6995 1.70 5.00 3
The results in Table 2 reveal the ANOVA for the GPI scales by classification. The ANOVA resulted in statistically significant (p <.05) differences in each of the GPI scales other than Interpersonal Social Responsibility. A post-hoc test was necessary to further understand the nature of the statistically significant results. Table 2 ANOVA for GPI Scales by Classification Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Knowing Between Groups 8.333 2 4.167 22.046.000 Within Groups 236.429 1251.189 Total 244.762 1253 Between Groups 3.295 2 1.647 4.168.016 Knowledge Within Groups 494.435 1251.395 Total 497.730 1253 Intrapersonal Between Groups 5.681 2 2.841 11.353.000 Identity Within Groups 312.985 1251.250 Total 318.666 1253 Intrapersonal Between Groups 10.226 2 5.113 22.584.000 Affect Within Groups 283.234 1251.226 Total 293.460 1253 Interpersonal Between Groups 1.467 2.734 2.369.094 Social Within Groups 387.441 1251.310 Responsib. Total 388.908 1253 Interpersonal Between Groups 11.313 2 5.657 19.615.000 Social Within Groups 360.765 1251.288 Interaction Total 372.078 1253 Well-Being Between Groups 4.342 2 2.171 9.143.000 Within Groups 297.030 1251.237 Total 301.372 1253 Global Between Groups 16.584 2 8.292 29.245.000 Citizenship Within Groups 354.704 1251.284 Total 371.288 1253 The results of the Tukey post-hoc test revealed in Table 3 further illustrate the nature of the statistically significant results. There was a significantly significant difference (p <.05) between 4
the scores of freshmen and each of the other classifications (seniors and study-abroad) in each of the following GPI scales: cognitive knowing, intrapersonal identity, intrapersonal affect, wellbeing, and global citizenship. Further, there was a statistically significant difference between freshmen and study-abroad participants in cognitive knowing and interpersonal social interaction. There was a statistically significant difference (p <.05) in cognitive knowing, intrapersonal affect, interpersonal social interaction and global citizenship between seniors and study-abroad participants. Table 3 Post Hoc Test for Significant ANOVA Results Dependent Variable (I) Participant (J) Participant Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound Knowing Freshmen Seniors -.10437 *.02738.000 -.1686 -.0401 Study Abroad -.23875 *.03638.000 -.3241 -.1534 Seniors Freshmen.10437 *.02738.000.0401.1686 Study Abroad -.13438 *.03453.000 -.2154 -.0533 Study Abroad Freshmen.23875 *.03638.000.1534.3241 Seniors.13438 *.03453.000.0533.2154 Knowledge Intrapersonal Identity Intrapersonal Affect Freshmen Seniors -.08429.03960.085 -.1772.0086 Study Abroad -.14157 *.05261.020 -.2650 -.0181 Seniors Freshmen.08429.03960.085 -.0086.1772 Study Abroad -.05728.04994.485 -.1745.0599 Study Abroad Freshmen.14157 *.05261.020.0181.2650 Seniors.05728.04994.485 -.0599.1745 Freshmen Seniors -.14104 *.03151.000 -.2150 -.0671 Study Abroad -.14418 *.04186.002 -.2424 -.0460 Seniors Freshmen.14104 *.03151.000.0671.2150 Study Abroad -.00314.03973.997 -.0964.0901 Study Abroad Freshmen.14418 *.04186.002.0460.2424 Seniors.00314.03973.997 -.0901.0964 Freshmen Seniors -.12857 *.02997.000 -.1989 -.0582 Study Abroad -.26032 *.03982.000 -.3538 -.1669 Seniors Freshmen.12857 *.02997.000.0582.1989 Study Abroad -.13175 *.03780.001 -.2204 -.0431 5
Study Abroad Freshmen.26032 *.03982.000.1669.3538 Seniors.13175 *.03780.001.0431.2204 Interpersonal Freshmen Seniors -.02369.03505.778 -.1059.0586 Social Responsibility Interpersonal Social Interaction Study Abroad -.10035.04657.080 -.2096.0089 Seniors Freshmen.02369.03505.778 -.0586.1059 Study Abroad -.07666.04421.193 -.1804.0271 Study Abroad Freshmen.10035.04657.080 -.0089.2096 Seniors.07666.04421.193 -.0271.1804 Freshmen Seniors -.05215.03383.272 -.1315.0272 Study Abroad -.27535 *.04494.000 -.3808 -.1699 Seniors Freshmen.05215.03383.272 -.0272.1315 Study Abroad -.22320 *.04266.000 -.3233 -.1231 Study Abroad Freshmen.27535 *.04494.000.1699.3808 Seniors.22320 *.04266.000.1231.3233 Well-Being Freshmen Seniors -.10100 *.03069.003 -.1730 -.0290 Study Abroad -.15922 *.04078.000 -.2549 -.0635 Seniors Freshmen.10100 *.03069.003.0290.1730 Study Abroad -.05823.03871.289 -.1490.0326 Study Abroad Freshmen.15922 *.04078.000.0635.2549 Seniors.05823.03871.289 -.0326.1490 Global Freshmen Seniors -.15842 *.03354.000 -.2371 -.0797 Citizenship Study Abroad -.33349 *.04456.000 -.4381 -.2289 Seniors Freshmen.15842 *.03354.000.0797.2371 Study Abroad -.17507 *.04230.000 -.2743 -.0758 Study Abroad Freshmen.33349 *.04456.000.2289.4381 Seniors.17507 *.04230.000.0758.2743 *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. 6
External Comparisons The results in Table 4 reveal the averages for each participant group from Texas A&M compared to national averages for other public doctorate institutions. Table 4 Texas A&M averages compared to national averages Texas A&M National Average Texas A&M National Average Texas A&M GPI Scale Average Public Doctorate Average Public Doctorate Average Freshmen Freshmen Seniors Seniors Study Abroad Knowing 3.53 N/A 3.63 N/A 3.76 Knowledge 3.59 3.60 3.68 3.70 3.74 Intra. Identity 4.11 4.12 4.25 4.22 4.25 Intra. Affect 3.64 3.66 3.77 3.80 3.90 Inter. Social Responsibility 3.76 3.67 3.79 3.74 3.86 Inter. Social Interaction 3.49 3.49 3.54 3.60 3.76 Well-Being 3.74 3.73 3.84 3.81 3.90 Global Citizenship 3.54 3.57 3.69 3.72 3.87 Summary Seniors display higher levels of global competence than freshmen in the following GPI scales: cognitive knowing, intrapersonal identity, intrapersonal affect, well-being, and global citizenship. Freshmen scored equal-to or higher than the national average on three of the GPI scales. Seniors scored higher than the national average on three of the GPI scales. Study-abroad participants display higher levels of global competence than freshmen in the following GPI scales: cognitive knowing, cognitive knowledge, intrapersonal identity, intrapersonal affect, interpersonal social interaction, well-being, and global citizenship. Study-abroad participants display higher levels of global competence than seniors in the following GPI scales: cognitive knowing, intrapersonal affect, interpersonal social interaction, and global citizenship. 7