chemical compounds

chemical compounds

Adenine 3 Phosphate groups Ribose The three phosphate groups are the key to ATP's ability to store and release energy.

Storing Energy ADP has two (di) phosphate groups instead of three. A cell can store small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Partially charged battery + Energy Energy Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Fully charged battery

2 Phosphate groups P ADP

The energy from ATP is needed for many cellular activities: active transport across cell membranes protein synthesis muscle contraction

good way to store large amounts of energy not a energy in foods like glucose

Photosynthesis Working Diagram Use a whole piece of Landscape Paper Blue circles are the 3-hole punch. You only need two horizontal two lines- No blue arrows! We will use as reference throughout unit. Define Equation` Title 4 cm Biochemical Energy Process Include Figure 8-3 6.5 cm Photosynthesis: An Overview Include Figure 8-7 Heading

Photosynthesis uses the energy of to convert and into high-energy sugars and oxygen.

carbon dioxide + water sugars + oxygen

8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis Slide 17 of 21

Inside a Chloroplast Inside a Chloroplast In plants, photosynthesis takes place inside chloroplasts. Plant Chloroplast Plant cells Slide 18 of 21

Inside a Chloroplast Chloroplasts contain thylakoids saclike photosynthetic membranes. Single thylakoid Stroma Chloroplast Slide 19 of 21

Inside a Chloroplast Thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana. A singular stack is called a granum. Granum Chloroplast Slide 20 of 21

Inside a Chloroplast Light H 2 O CO 2 NADP + ADP + P Lightdependent reactions Calvin Cycle cycle Chloroplast O Copyright Pearson 2 Prentice Hall Sugars Slide 21 of 21

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Many factors affect the rate of photosynthesis, including: Water Temperature Intensity of light Slide 22 of 21

9-1 Chemical Pathways Slide 23 of 39

9-1 Chemical Pathways 9-1 Chemical Pathways Food serves as a source of raw materials for the cells in the body and as a source of energy. Animal Cells Animal Mitochondrion Plant Plant Cells Slide 24 of 39

Both plant and animal cells carry out the final stages of cellular respiration in the mitochondria. Outer membrane Intermembrane space Animal Cells Mitochondrion Inner membrane Plant Cells Matrix

Chemical Energy and Food One gram of the sugar glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ), when burned in the presence of oxygen, releases 3811 calories of heat energy. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

Chemical Energy and Food Cells don't burn glucose. Instead, they gradually release the energy from glucose and other food compounds. This process begins with a pathway called glycolysis. Glycolysis releases a small amount of energy.

9-1 Chemical Pathways Overview of Cellular Respiration If oxygen is present, glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain make up a process called cellular respiration. Slide 28 of 39

Overview of Cellular Respiration Electrons carried in NADH Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm Mitochondrion

Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.

Overview of Cellular Respiration The equation for cellular respiration is: 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy oxygen + glucose carbon dioxide + water + energy

Overview of Cellular Respiration Each of the three stages of cellular respiration captures some of the chemical energy available in food molecules and uses it to produce ATP.

Overview of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. The Krebs cycle and electron transport take place in the mitochondria. Glycolysis Cytoplasm Mitochondrion

Glycolysis The process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound.

Glycolysis ATP Production At the beginning of glycolysis, the cell uses up 2 molecules of ATP to start the reaction. 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid

Glycolysis When glycolysis is complete, 4 ATP molecules have been produced. 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid

Glycolysis This gives the cell a net gain of 2 ATP molecules. 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid

Glycolysis NADH Production One reaction of glycolysis removes 4 high-energy electrons, passing them to an electron carrier called NAD +. 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP Glucose 2NAD + 2 Pyruvic acid

Glycolysis Each NAD + accepts a pair of high-energy electrons and becomes an NADH molecule. 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP Glucose 2NAD + 2 2 Pyruvic acid

Glycolysis The NADH molecule holds the electrons until they can be transferred to other molecules. 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP 2NAD + 2 To the electron transport chain 2 Pyruvic acid

Glycolysis The Advantages of Glycolysis The process of glycolysis is so fast that cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds. Glycolysis does not require oxygen.

Fermentation When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by a different pathway. The combined process of this pathway and glycolysis is called fermentation. Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.

Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue producing a steady supply of ATP. Fermentation does not require oxygen it is an anaerobic process. The two main types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation.

Alcoholic Fermentation Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes.

Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic acid fermentation converts glucose into lactic acid. Pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid.

9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport

9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Oxygen is required for the final steps of cellular respiration. Because the pathways of cellular respiration require oxygen, they are aerobic.

The Krebs Cycle In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis passes to the second stage of cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle.

The Krebs Cycle During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

The Krebs Cycle Begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondrion.

The Krebs Cycle One carbon molecule is removed, forming CO 2, and electrons are removed, changing NAD + to NADH. Enzymes help make citric acid

Electron Transport The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP.

Electron Transport ATP synthase spins. As it rotates, the enzyme grabs a low-energy ADP, attaching a phosphate, forming high-energy ATP. Channel ATP synthase ADP

The Totals Glycolysis produces just 2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. The complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration, including glycolysis, results in the production of 36 molecules of ATP.

The Totals

Comparing Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in opposite directions.

On a global level, they are also opposites. Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere and cellular respiration uses that oxygen to release energy from food.