Biological Bases of Behavior : Quiz 3 1. One of the oldest methods used in neuroscience to study brain function is a. stereotaxic surgery. b. autoradiography. c. experimental ablation. d. immunocytochemistry. 2. Experiments in which part of the brain is damaged and the animal's behavior is subsequently observed are called a. lesion studies. b. tracing neuroconnections. c. structure-function tasks. d. sham-lesion experiments. 3. Which of the following is the rationale for lesion studies? a. The change in behavior that follows a brain lesion can give important clues about the function of that brain area. b. Lesions are simple to make within the brain. c. Brain lesions reliably produce marked changes in behaviors. d. Brain lesions are specific for fibers of passage. 4. Why should a physiological psychologist be competent in many experimental techniques? a. Only studies using the most current methodologies will be published. b. Often, if one technique won't work, another will work. c. It is a guideline suggested by the American Psychological Association. d. All techniques have limitations, and a combination approach provides different types of information about a problem. 5. An advantage of temporary brain lesions is that a. each animal can be its own control. b. axons passing through the region are spared. c. only brain tissue near the electrode tip are destroyed. d. only cell bodies are damaged. 6. The advantage of lesions is that they affect only neural cell bodies and do not damage axons passing through the region. a. excitotoxic b. MRI c. RF d. subcortical 7. Which of the following describes the procedure used to make a sham lesion? a. Cool the brain with a cryode. b. Locate the site of the lesion on a stereotaxic atlas prior to inserting the electrode. c. Produce a lesion on one side of the brain only. d. Do everything that would be done to produce a lesion except do not turn on the current or start the infusion. 8. If a specific brain lesion causes an increase in behavior, what can we conclude about that brain structure? a. It may be part of a circuit that inhibits the behavior. b. No conclusions may be reached. c. It causes the behavior. d. It inhibits the behavior. 9. The device used to implant an electrode or cannula into the brain is the a. stereotaxic apparatus. b. electroencephalogram. c. macroelectrode. d. oscilloscope. 10. The three numbers listed on a page of a stereotaxic atlas describe a. the settings on a stereotaxic apparatus for individual strains of rodents. b. the location of a brain structure relative to bregma. c. drill bit diameter, length and approximate size of lesion. d. the strain, age and weight of an animal. 11. A chemical that is used to preserve and harden the brain is called a. Nissl substance. b. a fixative. c. an excitotoxin. d. PHA-L. 12. Which of the following is NOT a function of formalin? a. It slows bacterial growth. b. It kills destructive microorganisms. c. It prevents autolysis. d. It hardens the brain. 13. Which method identifies the inputs to a brain region? a. A retrograde labeling method. b. An electrolytic lesion study. c. An anterograde labeling method. d. Computerized tomography. 14. Immunocytochemistry techniques take advantage of the specific affinity of antibodies for a. cytogens. b. nerve cells. c. a peptide or protein. d. white blood cells. 15. Most commonly, metal macroelectrodes are used to record electrical activity a. of many specific neurons deep in the brain. b. of individual neurons. c. from evoked potentials. d. from the scalp, producing an electroencephalogram. 16. Metabolic activity of regions of the living human brain can be revealed by a. a CT scanner. b. 2-DG autoradiography. c. measurement of Fos protein. d. a 2-DG-PET scan. 17. Which labeling method uses chemicals that are taken up by dendrites or cell bodies and subsequently transported through axons toward terminal buttons? a. Anterograde. b. Presynaptic. c. Retrograde. d. Postsynaptic. 18. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators can be measured by implanting a a. metal macroelectrode. b. microdialysis probe. c. glass microelectrode. d. neuromagnetic recording device. 19. A procedure that uses electricity to eject a chemical from a micropipette so that the effects of the chemical on the electrical activity of the cell can be determined is called a. microiontophoresis. b. microdialysis. c. excitotoxic chemistry. d. in situ hybridization.
20. What instrument can be used to infuse several different substances by means of iontophoresis? a. A multi-barreled micropipette. b. A microelectrode. c. An autoradiograph. d. A micropipette. 21. Single-unit recording refers to recording the electrical activity a. on one oscilloscope. b. of one set of nuclei. c. of a single neuron. d. of one hemisphere. 22. Which of the following is a protein produced when a neuron is stimulated? a. Potassium chloride. b. Fos. c. Kainic acid. d. 2-deoxyglucose. 23. Which of the following methods can be used to directly detect the presence of receptors in tissue? a. High-performance liquid chromatography. b. Immunocytochemistry. c. In situ hybridization. d. Microiontophoresis. 24. The strength of contraction of a muscle is determined by activity of a. microfusal muscle fibers. b. gamma motor neurons. c. intrafusal muscle fibers. d. alpha motor neurons. 25. Which of the following correctly describes what body builders are doing when they show off their muscles? a. Exhibiting organizational effects of androgens. b. Flexing muscles. c. Contracting flexor and extensor muscles. d. Contracting limbs. 26. Changes in muscle length are detected by a. Golgi tendon organs. b. extrafusal muscle fibers. c. gamma motor neurons. d. intrafusal muscle fibers. 27. The sensory organ in a skeletal muscle is called a a. myofibril. b. muscle spindle. c. motor neuron. d. motor end plate. 28. Which of the following controls the sensitivity of the muscle spindle to changes in muscle length? a. Extrafusal muscle fiber. b. Motor endplate. c. Gamma motor neuron. d. Golgi tendon organ. 29. A single myelinated axon of an alpha motor neuron serves muscle fiber(s). a. a single extrafusal b. several extrafusal c. several intrafusal d. a single intrafusal 30. The synapse between the terminal button of a motor neuron and the membrane of a muscle fiber is called the a. interpositus cleft. b. myofibril. c. neuromuscular junction. d. motor junction. 31. Muscle fiber contraction depends on a. entry of potassium ions into the fiber. b. the activity of the sodium-potassium pump. c. the concentration of glycine within the synapse. d. entry of calcium ions into the fiber cytoplasm. 32. The total stretch exerted on a muscle is detected by a. Golgi tendon organs. b. intrafusal muscle fibers. c. extrafusal muscle fibers. d. gamma motor neurons. 33. The physical effects of a muscle twitch last longer than an action potential because a. of excess K +. b. muscles lack elasticity. c. it takes time to get rid of Ca +2. d. All of the other alternatives are correct. 34. The monosynaptic stretch reflex a. excites inhibitory interneurons. b. helps maintain posture. c. contains only one interneuron. d. is directly controlled by the brain. 35. The advantage of adjustable sensitivity to changes in muscle length is that the a. All of the other alternatives are correct. b. role of the brain in controlling movement is simplified. c. result is increased speed and efficiency. d. more control that occurs in the spinal cord, the fewer messages need be sent to and from the brain. 36. Weight lifters who inject anesthetic near their Golgi tendon organs a. block messages to their CNS. b. All of the other alternatives are correct. c. can lift heavier weights. d. run the risk of tearing a tendon from a bone or breaking a bone. 37. The results of stimulation studies indicate that a disproportionate amount of motor cortex controls movements of the a. eye muscles. b. fingers. c. stomach. d. genitals. 38. Which of the following are involved in the planning of movements? a. Somatosensory cortex. b. Primary motor cortex. c. Motor homunculus. d. Premotor area and supplementary motor area. 39. Which of the following pathways control movements of the fingers? a. Ventral corticospinal tract. b. Corticobulbar pathway. c. Rubrospinal tract. d. Lateral corticospinal tract.
40. The descending lateral group a. controls postural reflexes. b. controls independent limb movements. c. controls coordinated limb movements. d. controls reflexive eye movements. 41. Which of the following does NOT originate in the brain stem? a. Rubrospinal tract. b. Ventral corticospinal tract. c. Vestibulospinal tract. d. Tectospinal tract. 42. Apraxia is characterized by a. muscle weakness or paralysis. b. All of the other alternatives are correct. c. an impairment in learning a skilled movement. d. the inability to properly perform a learned, skilled movement. 43. Apraxia of the left limb caused by damage to the anterior corpus callosum is called apraxia. a. left parietal b. callosal c. constructional d. sympathetic 44. All of the following are nuclei of the basal ganglia EXCEPT the a. caudate. b. putamen. c. globus pallidus. d. substantia nigra. 45. Huntington's chorea is caused by degeneration of the a. nigrostriatal bundle. b. caudate and putamen. c. neostriatum and pons. d. pedunculopontine nucleus. 46. A recently devised treatment for Parkinson's disease involves a. administration of D-DOPA. b. transplantation of dopamine cells from the carotid bodies into the putamen. c. administration of MPTP. d. stereotaxic destruction of the cingulate cortex. 47. In the top figure, the functional MRI image during a motor task is superimposed on the anatomical MRI image, in which the radiology convention is used, i.e., we are viewing the brain from bottom up (from toe toward head). The activations (bright spots) are in a. The contralateral primary motor cortex and the contralateral cerebellum b. The contralateral primary motor cortex and the ipsilateral cerebellum c. The contralateral primary motor cortex and the ipsilateral primary motor cortex d. The contralateral cerebellum and the ipsilateral cerebellum 48. In the top figure, the functional MRI image during a motor task is superimposed on the anatomical MRI image, in which the radiology convention is used, i.e., we are viewing the brain from bottom up (from toe toward head). The activations (bright spots) most likely indicate the finger movements of a. The left hand b. The right hand c. none of them d. Both hands 49. Stereotaxic surgery can be used for purposes other than producing lesions. 50. The rationale for lesion studies is that the function of a brain area can be inferred from the behaviors that can no longer be performed after an area is damaged. 51. Preparing an animal for stereotaxic surgery is called histology. 52. Some microelectrodes are made from glass because it is such a good conductor of electricity. 53. Microdialysis is used to measure the brain's secretions. 54. When an axon in a muscle fires, the terminal buttons release norepinephrine. 55. The primary motor cortex lies on the postcentral gyrus. 56. The frontal association cortex lies on the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobes. 57. The endplate potential always causes the muscle fiber to contract. 58. Cardiac muscle is capable of spontaneous activity. 59. In the bottom figure, the excitatory connections are plotted in dark color and inhibitory in light color. According to the figure, through the indirect pathway (broken lines), the caudate nucleus and the putamen has an excitatory effect on the internal part of the globus pallidus 60. In the bottom figure, the excitatory connections are plotted in dark color and inhibitory in light color. According to the figure, through the direct pathway, the substantia nigra has an excitatory effect on the internal part of the globus pallidus
Biological Bases of Behavior : Quiz 3 1. c Ablation 2. a Lesion studies 3. a Lesion studies 4. d Techniques 5. a Temporary lesion 6. a Excitotoxic 7. d Sham lesion 8. a Lesion 9. a Stereotaxic apparatus 10. b Stereotaxic atlas 11. b Fixative 12. a Formalin 13. a Retrograde labeling 14. c Immuno-cytochemistry 15. d Macroelectrodes 16. d 2-DG-PET scan 17. a Anterograde 18. b Microdialysis 19. a Microiontophoresis 20. a Multi-barreled 21. c Single-unit 22. b Fos 23. b Immunocytochemistry 24. d Alpha motor 25. c Contraction 26. d Intrafusal 27. b Muscle spindle 28. c Gamma motor neuron 29. b Extrafusal 30. c Neuromuscular junction 31. d Contraction 32. a Golgi tendon organs 33. c Muscle twitch 34. b Monosynaptic stretch reflex 35. a Adjustable sensitivity 36. b Golgi tendon organ 37. b Motor cortex 38. d Planning 39. d Lateral corticospinal 40. b Lateral group 41. b Ventral corticospinal 42. d Apraxia 43. b Callosal apraxia 44. d Basal ganglia 45. b Huntington's 46. b Parkinson's 47. b Brain imaging 48. b Brain imaging 49. True 50. True 51. False 52. False 53. True 54. False 55. False 56. False 57. True 58. True 59. True 60. False